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Mary Olmstead Stanton 



PHYSIOGNOMY. 



A PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TREATISE. 



BEING A MANUAL, OF INSTRUCTION IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF 

THE HUMAN PHYSIOGNOMY AND ORGANISM, 

CONSICEEED CHEMICALLY, ARCHITECTURALLY, AND MATHEMATICALLY ; 

Embracing the Discoueries of Located Traits, with their Relative Organs 

and Signs of Character, together with the Three Grand 

Natural Diuisions of the Human Face. 






BY MARY OLMSTEAD STANTON. 

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 

SAN FRANCISCO: 
■SAN FRANCISCO NEWS COMPANY, 413 AND 415 WASHINGTON STEEET. 

1881. 



.S11 



Copyright 1879. Argonaut print. 



D. Hicks & Co., Bookbinders. 





AEISTOTLE. 



J. BAPTISTA POKTA. 




JOHN CASPAR LAVATEE. 



DE. J. SIMMS. 



FOUB OF THE MOST NOTED PHYSIOGNOMISTS OF ANCIENT 
AND MODERN TIMES. 



TO EENST HAECKEL, 

PROFESSOR I!V THE UNIVERSITY OF JENA, 

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED WITH THE ADMIRATION AND VENE- 
RATION OF 

THE AUTHOE. 



PREFACE. 



To the Eeader: 

In sending forth this little work to the public, 1 am im- 
pelled thereto by my desire to benefit the masses of mankind 
in a manner which I believe they very much need. Man's 
knowledge of himself seems not to have kept pace with the 
knowledge of his surroundings. It is time, therefore, that 
there should be an accordance of intelligence between the 
two, in order that, through Man's comprehension of his 
powers and possibilities, he may by scientific methods assist 
in improving his own life, and in perpetuating a race which 
shall be an improvemeDt on the present one. This can come 
only through a knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, Physi- 
ognomy, and Hygienic Law, practically applied. I have 
endeavored to put this science in as plain and simple lan- 
guage as possible, so that the non-scientific reader should 
not be confused by terms whose meanings might be ambig- 
uous. 

The method of classification used in this system of science 
is in accord with that observed by all naturalists in their 
classifications of the lower animals, and is based on the 
forms of the human organism which are produced by the 
intermingling of the Yegetative, Thoracic, Muscular, Osse- 
ous, and Brain and Nerve systems. These are treated in 
the order of evolution — from the first evolved to the latest 
acquired, the true and perfected cerebral system. 

" Scientific Physiognomy" gives the most comprehensive 
theory of the Mind of any work hitherto presented to the 



D PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

world. It takes the position that mind inheres in the entire 
organism, and that the brain is only one source of the mind. 
This view is supported by Herbert Spencer, George H. 
Lewes, Ernst Haeckel, Dr. Maudsley, Dr. J. Lauder Lind- 
say, and all of the most advanced students of Mind and 
Physiology. In this system this theory has been elaborated 
and carried to its ultimate by proofs which I believe to be 
incontrovertible. I would like to give many illustrations of 
animal life, but the limits of this work forbid. If this sys- 
tem of Physiognomy find a welcome in the minds of the 
people, I shall be encouraged to give to the world a volume 
of more extended research. 

My hearty thanks are due to the engraver, Mr. Durbin 
Yan Vleck, for his artistic and intelligent treatment of the 
wood-cuts in this volume. 

The faculties of Secretiveness, Force, and Resistance were 
inadvertently enumerated on page 26 among those of the 
Vegetative division. Their proper place is in the Architect- 
ural division. 

Earnest and religious regard for the welfare of humanity 
has impelled the writing of these ideas. With the hope that 
they may lead to a correct knowledge of Man, and that this 
knowledge may conduce to his welfare, physically, morally, 
intellectually, and religiously, 

I am, sincerely, your friend, 

The Author. 



PHYSIOGNOMY 



INTRODUCTION. 

If the most learned man of the twelfth century were to 
return to earth and become cognizant of our advance in the 
sciences and industrial arts, he would doubtless believe, at 
first, that he was in the midst of works of magic more won- 
derful and powerful by far than the mysterious and occult 
operations of the Magi of his own age. He would note the 
use of natural forces turned to the economies of life by in- 
genious and complicated machinery; he would be shown the 
wonders of steam navigation, of the art of printing, of elec- 
tricity in its numerous developments and uses, of the tele 
graph and the telephone, together with the telescopic and 
microscopic discoveries which astonish even this progressed 
age; the knowledge of the laws of sound, motion, light, and 
color, which this epoch has evolved, would unfold to his 
senses a world of realities as new to his mind as if he, in 
verity, were transported to quite another planet than the one 
which had been his former habitation. After taking note of 
all our increased knowledge of Science in its various depart- 
ments, and after examining our museums and institutions of 
learning, if he were to ask, "What do you now know of 
Man? — of his powers and properties?" what reply could we 
make? We might answer that we understand the circulation 
2 



10 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of the blood, a little about the nervous system, somewhat of 
the process of digestion; that we know the number of the 
bones and have named them, and also the action of the mus- 
cles; that we are in a state of uncertainty as to the function 
of the brain; that we know very little of the prevention of 
disease, much less about its cure, and nothing at all as to 
the meaning of his physiognomy. What think you would be 
his opinion of our progress in useful knowledge? Surely, he 
would conclude that we had vexed our minds with many 
things that could be dispensed with, and had neglected the 
most useful of them all. The knowledge of Man, and how 
to improve his capacities, how to protect his bodily powers, 
how to prevent and remedy the diseases which assail him, is 
surely of more importance than many of the studies upon 
which valuable time has been spent without advancing the 
knowledge of Man one step. All through the ages of which 
we have any recorded history we find inklings of a dawning 
perception of Physiognomy. 

The writings of Moses show him to have been a profound 
student of human nature and possessed of a power to read 
and understand countenances and features. His knowledge 
of sanitary law, in regard to food and diet, and the protec- 
tion of the body, and the success attending the application 
of these laws, place him even beyond the Sanitarians of 
to-day. Among the earliest Greek writers, Aristotle, Plato, 
and Galen may be named as having written and taught Phys- 
iognomy. Hippocrates also formulated a system based upon 
the several colors of the human complexion. This classifi- 
cation has passed down to the present day, and has been 
accepted by naturalists in its application to man, while at the 
same time, with singular inconsistency, the lower animal 
kingdom has been classified on the basis of form; and cor- 
rectly so, as color is an effect, not a cause; it is dependent 
on climate, food, habit, and other accidental surroundings. 
Even Phrenologists, who ought to know better (since their 
researches extend widely among the animal kingdom), have 
retained the classification which Hippocrates set up. The 



INTRODUCTION. 11 

differences observable in the human family he denominated 
Temperaments — a word which has no intelligent application 
even to the false basis upon which the old Greek physician 
founded his system, long before the circulation of blood was 
discovered by Harvey, and before the functions of the liver, 
heart, and brain were at all understood. 

Each age has added its contributions to our knowledge of 
Physiognomy, and if these contributions have not given us 
heretofore a correct system, at once practical and scientific, 
they have maintained an interest and a belief in this science. 
This interest and belief have served as a beacon-light, which 
has flashed far down the age's made brilliant by the works of 
the most renowned philosophers and literates. Among the 
Grecians, Aristotle wrote extensively on this subject. Pliny, 
Cicero, and others of ancient Borne, found this science worthy 
of their consideration; while, later in the advancing centu- 
ries, we find Petrus d'Abbano lecturing on Physignomy be- 
fore the students of the University of Paris. After him 
followed the renowned Avicenna, Averroes, Michael Scott, 
and the Italian sculptor and naturalist, J. Baptista Porta, 
the discoverer of the camera obscura. Later still, many 
German, French, English, and American observers left their 
writings among us to be added to and built upon. Lavater, 
in 1801, wrote numerous volumes on the subject, copiously 
illustrated, in which he had the assistance of some of the 
best artists in Europe. It is through his works, and from 
his associations, that this science is best known to modern 
students. His purity of life and high position (he having 
been an eloquent clergyman, pastor of St. Peter's Church 
at Zurich) placed Physiognomy on a footing of credibility. 
His works are what he named them — "Fragments" — merely, 
without system and largely impractical. His efforts, like 
those of his predecessors, have assisted in continuing the 
belief and interest in the science. 

Prominent among the German and French observers and 
writers are the eminent Biumenbach, Spurzheim, Camper, 
Bichat, Broussais, and De la Sarthe; among the English, 



12 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Sir Charles Bell and Alexander Walker; and among Amer- 
icans, James W. Redfield. In 1817, Dr. John Crosse pub- 
lished from the University Press, at Glasgow, a series of 
lectures on Physiognomy which he had delivered, setting 
forth a system which contains practical knowledge, suscep- 
tible of proof and capable of application by any ordinary 
observer. The latest work on Physiognomy, written by Dr. 
J. Simms, of New York, entitled "Nature's Revelations of 
Character," is the first that has given to the world a system 
based upon a natural classification, and corresponding to the 
other departments of Natural Science. His system, as is 
this, is based upon form, and, viewed from that standpoint, 
is unassailable; it should be in the hands of every thinking 
person. Without pretending to treat this science as ex- 
haustively in regard to principles as Dr. Simms has done, I 
claim to have discovered and elaborated some laws which 
seem to have escaped his penetrating mind, and also to have 
carried it one step beyond his exposition. Professor Joseph 
Le Conte, of the University of California, in a recent able 
article in the "Popular Science Monthly," describing the 
advance of science, says: 

"In all sciences, but especially in the higher and more 
complex departments, there are three distinct stages of ad- 
vance. The first consists in the observation, collection, and 
arrangement of facts — Descriptive Science. The second is 
the reduction of these to formal laws — Formal Science. Thus 
far the science is independent of all other sciences. The 
third is the reference of these laws to the more general laws 
of a more fundamental science — in the hierarchy as their 
cause — Causal Science. It is this last change only which 
necessarily follows the order indicated above. Its effect is 
always to give great impulse to scientific advance; for then 
only does it take on the highest scientific form, then only 
does it become one of the hierarchy of sciences, and receive 
the aid of all. Thus, to illustrate, Tycho Brahe laboriously 
gathered and collated a vast number of facts concerning 
planetary motions — Descriptive Astronomy. Kepler reduced 



INTRODUCTION. 13 

these to the three great and beautiful laws known by his 
name — Formal Astronomy. But it was reserved for Newton, 
by means of the theory of gravitation, to explain the Kep- 
lerian laws by referring them to the more general and more 
fundamental laws of mechanics as their cause, and thus he 
became the founder of Physical and Causal Astronomy. In 
other words, Astronomy was at first a separate science, based 
on its own facts. Newton connected it with. Mechanics, and 
thus made it one of the hierarchy. From that time, As- 
tronomy advanced with increased rapidity and certainty. 
Astronomy first rose as a beautiful shaft, unconnected and 
unsupported, except on its own pedestal. In the meantime, 
however, another more solid and central shaft had grown up 
under the hands of many builders; viz., Mechanics. Newton 
connected the astronomical shaft with the central column of 
mechanics, and thus formed a more solid basis for a yet 
higher shaft." 

This description truthfully and beautifully shows the prog- 
ress of scientific research. The system which this work 
presents to the reader has advanced to the third stage of 
progression. It presents a description of facts in relation to 
the human organism which have been observed and collected; 
it reduces these facts to laws; and, lastly, shows the corre- 
spondence of this science to the general and fundamental 
laws which underlie all matter — viz., those of Chemistry, 
Architecture, and Mathematics. The sum of all human ac- 
tion is based on these three fundamental principles of Nature, 
and Man's organism illustrates 'the influence of these laws. 
I would like to see the facts contained in this little work in 
the hands of all who love their kind, and who desire its ele- 
vation by scientific methods. In the years to come, I do not 
doubt that more ample knowledge of Physiognomy will be 
disseminated by greater minds, with better opportunities of 
observation than have fallen to me. It would seem a very 
appropriate time for the spreading of knowledge of Man now 
that so much is known of his environment, and while so 
many hitherto unknown applications of the forces and sub- 



14 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

stances of Nature are coming daily to light that are imme- 
diately connected with his welfare. Earnest and religious 
regard for the advance of mankind to grander heights of 
purity and nobility of life, added to the belief that nothing 
short of the knowledge of scientific laws and their applica- 
tion can regenerate the human race, has impelled the writing 
of these ideas. 



CHAPTER I. 

PEIMITIVE OKIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OE MAN. 

"Looked at through a single science, life is unintelligible ; for the sciences, sepa- 
rately taken, are but like the constituent portions of a telescope — we can only see 
properly by connecting them." — Gbindon. 

Tracing Man to his origin, the Monera, or, as some natu- 
ralists claim, the Amoeba, we find entering into his constitu- 
tion four essential elements, or primal components. These, 
in the language of chemistry, are called nitrogen, oxygen, 
carbon, and hydrogen. These elements are first exhibited 
in the air and water; they are taken up by plants, and upon 
these elements all vegetable life subsists. All organized life 
proceeds from the same elementary powers: First, plant life; 
then insect organisms; after these, reptiles, fishes, birds, 
beasts, and, last of all, Man. 

In every one of the varied and various organisms the same 
universal principles prevail; very little of any other elements 
enter into the composition of any of these bodies. The dif- 
ferent phenomena are produced only by difference in propor- 
tion, by chemical action and chemical changes. The plants 
suck up through the roots the nourishment needed to give 
them form, color, and stability. The leaves also assist in 
their nourishment by taking up through their innumerable 
pores, or mouths, the elements which they require from the 
air. One hundred and twenty thousand of these inhalers 
have been counted on one small leaf by the aid of the micro- 
scope.* Animals feed upon the plants, and the same elements 

=* Johnston's "Chemistry of Common Life." 



16 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

still reside in their organisms. The form is changed, it is 
true; and one might suppose that the animal form was com- 
posed of entirely different materials from those which create 
and nourish the plant; but it is not so. The very same ele- 
ments are there; there is no addition of other principles; 
they have simply assumed different forms through the power 
of chemical action. The same activities which formed the 
Moneron, or germ-cell, of all organic life continue the process 
of chemical action, but in a more complex manner, to form 
the animal organism, as well as all the intervening grades of 
organic life. Chemical analysis proves this truth. The ele- 
ments of plant life and animal life are identical, differing 
only in proportion. These elements take on other forms, 
and are called by other names, according to the location in 
which they are found and the organism in which they reside 
or create. Yet the chemist never loses sight of them, and, 
no matter what metamorphoses take place, he knows that 
they are sure to appear, and identifies them regardless of the 
forms which they assume. 

Before these elements can become human organisms, they 
must pass through many complex and subtile chemical 
changes. They must have had an existence in minerals, air, 
and water. After this stage, they pass into plant, insect, 
and fish life; later on, into the various organized birds and 
beasts; these, in turn, feed upon and increase by the help of 
plants and water; and upon plants, beasts, and water, Man 
is sustained. 

This, in brief, is the progress of Man from his primitive 
creation, as a simple germ or cell. From this starting-point 
emanates all organized life, coming up through gradational 
forms until the physical man is reached, and his wondrous 
mentality exhibited by the aid of his physical phenomena. 

What is mind? What are mental operations? These are 
questions which the wisest minds of all ages have vainly 
tried to solve. Not until the present epoch have we found 
the instrumentalities essential to their solution. The micro- 
scope, the spectroscope, the telescope, and chemistry, together 



PRIMITIVE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN. 17 

with our knowledge of the laws of molecular motion and of 
the other forces of Nature, have gone far toward unraveling 
what has always been both a wonder and a mystery; and 
although the ultimate of knowledge in the direction of mind 
and mental action has not been reached, yet we have learned 
enough to know that all mental phenomena are dependent 
upon the differentiated physical organisms for their demon- 
stration, and that the same four primal elements contribute 
directly to the production of all mental action as well as 
physical power. In the beginning of organized matter, these 
elements were called oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydro- 
gen; in the blood and tissues of man they are found after 
many transmutations, and are then known as flbrine, albu- 
men, caseine, and water. By continued physical and mental 
labor on the part of man these elements are exhausted, but 
are replenished by a due admixture of animal, vegetable, 
and marine foods. The manner of their use, and how they 
conduce to the upbuilding of the hunian organism, will be 
shown in the chapter on Hygiene. 

The first use which organized mind makes of its newly 
acquired powers which a progressive evolution has bestowed 
upon it (as is first shown in animal life) is to commence re- 
creation on a small scale, out of the materials which are 
found in abundance suited to the purposes of its peculiar 
phase of development. The manifestations of constructive 
energy, as shown by the spider family, for instance, are re- 
markable. Here we find no brain proper; it is true there is 
a nervous system in simple form. Its mental energy, for I 
cannot name it less, must proceed from the power and intel- 
ligence which inheres in this nervous system, for it is shown 
that in the human organism nerve and brain matter are 
identical; hence, we must conclude that the peculiar form of 
nerve matter which is found in organisms that have no brain 
proper is the source and seat of intelligence in such bodies, 
and that their peculiar forms of mental and constructive en- 
ergy proceed from the power of their nervous system, as well 
as from such organs as are developed in them. In support 



18 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of this theory, let me quote from Prof. Grimes. He says: 
"The very lowest animal life that can be produced is the 
amoeba, a mere minute mass of jelly. It cannot be said to 
have any particular permanent form, but it has the ability to 
assume almost any imaginable shape, according to circum- 
stances. It can protrude a portion of itself forward in the 
form of a limb; it can thus produce a dozen limbs; it can 
spread itself out into a thin sheet, and envelop and absorb 
what it wants, and then change its form again. This creature 
occasionally manifests a degree of mechanical skill not sur- 
passed by the beaver, and not even equaled by civilized man. 
We learn an important lesson here, and that is, that Nature 
is capable of performing superior mental operations without 
any special organs that can be perceived. Next, observe the 
spider. He has nerves, but no cerebrum or cerebellum, no 
thalamus, no striatum; he has something that appears to be 
analogous to the human oblongata, and that is the nearest 
approach to a brain; yet he surpasses the beaver in mechan- 
ical skill, the fox in cunning, the monkey in dexterity, and 
the tiger in malicious cruelty. He surpasses all animals that 
have brain, excepting man. What is the explanation? The 
answer is obvious. The spider has the organs of his mental 
faculties, call them by what name you will, located some- 
where in his body, in his nerves, or in his ganglionic masses. 
He has no brains; no animal has them except fishes, reptiles, 
birds, and mammals. Fishes have what is called a brain, but 
it is a mere bud of the anterior lobe of a brain, and that 
only. There is not in all Nature a more interesting lesson 
than that which is conveyed by a comparison of the animals 
that have no proper brains with the fishes (the lowest of 
those that have them), and then a comparison of these with 
the next class above them, and then again with the birds that 
are one step higher still, and then the birds with some of the 
lowest animals of the next higher class, the mammals, such 
as porpoises and rabbits; then higher mammals — cats, foxes, 
dogs, horses, elephants, apes, man." 

Dr. M. Foster, an able and recent writer on Physiology, 



PRIMITIVE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN. 19 

claims that the amoeba is possessed of the following powers 
and functions: he says that "it is contractile; it is irritable 
and automatic; it is receptive and assimilative; it is metabolic 
and secretory; it is respiratory and reproductive." And yet 
the microscope fails to find a simple nervous system in this 
animal! The lowest organism in which has been found a 
simple nervous system is the turbellaria. This organism, ac- 
cording to Haeckel, is the sixth in progressive creation, 
starting from the monera. It has also organs of secretion 
(kidneys) and of generation. According to my theory, and 
the system of progressive growth which I set forth in this 
work, man represents, in his unfoldment and progress from 
his lowest development as an embryo, the same order as is 
observed in the primitive growths or primeval organisms. 
This system of Physiognomy also finds in the first or lowest 
division of the human organism the organs of reproduction 
and the first organs of secretion — viz., the kidneys. The 
coincidence would be remarkable did not Nature abound in 
just such corroborations of her unity of action and method. 
These methods are as potential in the development of man 
as in the development of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, 
and outwork in the same manner. "The laws of inherit- 
ance and adaptation" are the prime factors in making man 
what he is. After taking into account man's inherited qual- 
ity, the remainder of his individuality is the result of his 
environment; that is to say, the soil upon which he lives and 
from which he derives his food, the air which he inhales, the 
water which he drinks, the climate which he dwells in, and 
the quality of mentality which surrounds him. If the soil 
upon which is grown his food, his plants, grains, fruits, and 
cattle,, holds in excess certain mineral compounds, then all 
of his food, as well as himself, will derive their character 
(aside from their inherited quality) from these sources. He 
will take his color, his mental powers, his moral and his 
physical qualities from these surroundings and conditions; 
and thus man is constantly the subject of manifold laws and 
processes ever moulding and fashioning his character, his 



20 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

form, color, quality, and all his personality. As the study of 
the origin and science of color progresses, we shall find that 
it plays a most important part in our lives and in the history 
of our planet. Every mineral has its own color; from these 
mineral compounds the plants, flowers, and fruits get their 
beautiful dyes. Taken up from the soil, air, and water, these 
dyes assist in forming character; and by the colors of plants, 
animals, and man, much of their character is discerned. In 
the early geologic periods, while yet the whole earth was in 
a moist and heated condition, the colors of the flora must 
have been gorgeous in the extreme; but as it approached a 
cooler condition, the minerals of which the crust of the earth 
is composed must have parted with some of their coloring 
power, for we observe that all of the races of plants, animals, 
and men in the temperate and frigid zones are lighter and 
have less coloring matter in their composition. As the 
people in the torrid zone are richer in color, so, as we ap- 
proach the poles, all Nature is destitute of deep shades. As 
the earth continues to cool, all Nature, reasoning from anal- 
ogy, will continue to part with its color, until the inhabitants 
of our planet will possibly assume the pallor and transpa- 
rency which is usually ascribed to ghosts and spirits. Never 
having seen a spirit, I cannot vouch for their complexion, 
but the prevalent idea is that they are pale and exceedingly 
diaphanous. Advance in the knowledge of the origin and 
character of color has been most wonderful in this era. As 
the intense colors in visible Nature lessened, discoveries of 
colors hidden in many hitherto unknown substances have 
been made, and have been applied to remove disease and to 
the industrial arts in ways never before attempted. The 
basic color of nearly every mineral has been traced through 
the medium of chemistry and the spectrum analysis, and the 
direct influence of the colors of the various plants, flowers, 
and minerals used in remedies has been demonstrated. This 
may strike the reader as a singular statement, but why should 
not color, which is palpable to our sight, be as potent in its 
influence upon our organism as electricity, the ethers, and 



PRIMITIVE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN. 21 

other fine forces which are almost imperceptible ? What is 
color for? — to please the eye merely? I have never found 
anything in Nature that did not serve a two-fold purpose, at 
least; such is the wonderful economy of Nature. 

Every age has its own peculiar form of mental activity, 
progress, and culmination, corresponding to the growth of 
man's nature. The Philosophical Age of Greece — the age of 
Plato, Xenocrates, Polemon, Zeno, and Aristotle — made its 
impress on the character of the men of that era. Its influ- 
ence did. not end there. All through the Dark Ages, great 
minds — the Galileo?, the Bacons, the Brunos, and others — 
who could not be crushed through fear of the Church, of 
superstition, or of death, were stimulated to further philo- 
sophical and scientific inquiry by the writings of those old 
Greek thinkers. Thus, modern Science, following naturally 
its predecessor, Philosophy, was given to the world. In the 
order of natural mental progression, inquiry and reason 
always precede the discovery of laws and principles. Hence, 
we find during the later years of those "ages," rendered 
"dark" by the despotism of Ecclesiastic! sra, a revival of 
Philosophy, which took a practical direction (the result, 
mainly, of the activity of Northern minds, aided largely by 
the inventions which speculation and experiment had pro- 
duced), and which resulted in the birth of modern Science. 

In the days of Phidias and Praxiteles, we had probably 
the nearest approach to perfection in sculpture that the 
world will ever witness. In the age of Bubens, Titian, 
Michael Angelo, and Guido-Beni, the height of configuration 
and coloring as an art, purely, was reached. The Middle or 
Dark Ages gave us the acme of superstition and religious 
fervor, which have produced a natural reaction in the present 
epoch of reality and science. This has achieved a marvel- 
ous number of discoveries and practical inventions. 

We are, as yet, upon the threshold; the culmination in this 
direction has not been reached. The wonders which coming 
years may disclose can neither be imagined nor depicted. 
And thus we see that Evolution brings first one side and 



22 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



then another of Man's wonderful mentality face to face with 
the resources which have been hidden away in Nature's great 
storehouse, awaiting, seemingly, the time when Man's pro- 
gressed nature shall demand them. 



CHAPTER II. 



BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



Standing at the apex 
of all creation is Man, 
the very epitome, sub- 
limification, and essence 
of creative energy; what 
more natural than that 
in this high and complex 
organization should be 
found, in combination, 
all of the components of 
what may be termed the 
lower creations? 

Man is literally made 
up of the "dust of the 
earth;" considered as a 
chemical compound, iu 
Man will be found, made 
into solid bone, muscle, 
brain, blood, and tissue, 
not only the "dust of 
the earth," but also nearly all the elements contained in the 
earth. In his composition will be found oxygen, nitrogen, 
carbon, hydrogen, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, sulphur, 




The Three Geand Divisions of the Face. 
1, Chemical. 2, Architectural. 3, Mathematical. 



BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 23 

phosphorus, potassium, and a small amount of other min- 
erals. 

In the face of Man will be found, by dividing it into three 
grand divisions, the signs of character representing the three 
basilar principles underlying all matter, as well as Man's own 
organism; viz., Chemistry, Architecture, and Mathematics. 

If one examines a grain of sand, and enters into an analysis 
of its constituents, he finds that it has, first, chemical prop- 
erties — so much of one kind of element, another particle of 
some other sort; perhaps several other elements enter into 
its constitution. These various elements have an affinity for 
each other, and harmonize in their combination; this is the 
power which binds them in one, and forms them into a chem- 
ical compound. 

Upon further examination, it will be found to possess a 
definite form. In the case of crystals of the various miner- 
als, this form is always defined by law, and the mineralogist 
recognizes each object by its form. This natural Law of 
Shaping of all objects, both animate and inanimate, is an 
illustration of Architectural Law. 

If the crystals be reduced to their elementary particles, 
the number of their constituents is discovered. This is the 
Mathematical Law exemplified. 

All creations, from a grain of sand up to the planetary 
bodies, have their Chemical properties, their Architectural 
formation or shape, and the number of quantitative particles 
which Mathematical Law requires. 

The same constituents which compose planets, which form 
minerals as well as plant, insect, and animal life, form also 
Man's organism. These elementary constituents bring with 
them, into Man's body, their basic principles; and wherever 
we find Man, we can but observe that in the chemical action 
of the elements composing his body and surrounding him — 
that in his form and proportions, and in the number of ele- 
ments entering into his constitution — the same laws of 
Chemical action, of Architectural formation, and of Mathe- 
matical quantities or particles, which govern all other de- 



24 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

partments of life, are as potential in fashioning him and in 
determining his character. 

It is thus shown that man, in himself, in his own person, 
typifies all creation; proving that he is the very essence, the 
subtile, refined organization or force evolved from all forces, 
powers, causes, and chemical actions in the universe. He 
is, in short, the highest creation of which we have knowledge. 

A correct understanding of this grand organization is the 
first science in the world; the first in importance to each one 
of us. It has its laws, which are exact and yet complex; 
but where is the reader skillful enough to understand them? 
As Nature is perfect in her works, and has made few laws so 
mysterious as not to be comprehended, is it not natural, 
then, to suppose that man is capable of understanding his 
own organization and the laws which govern it? He may, if 
he will but seek the truth and fear not. 

As the dial is to the clock, so is the human face to Man; 
it is his exponent, morally, mentally, physically; on it are 
written not only his mental powers, his moral strength or 
weakness, but also his physical capacities, powers, weak- 
nesses, and predispositions to health and disease; and there 
is no one of ordinary capacity who cannot learn all those 
signs almost at a glance. The importance of this knowledge 
is incalculable. Inasmuch as we all have to pass our days 
in intercourse with our fellows, it is of the greatest impor- 
tance, not only that we should understand ourselves, but 
also that we should be able to comprehend, to a nicety, all 
with whom we associate; not merely for our protection and 
the pleasure we may derive from it, but also for the good 
that we may do; because this knowledge will teach us that 
what we now call "charity," in overlooking the faults and 
weaknesses of others, is but simple justice, for it is not just 
to expect more of an organization than Nature has given it 
power to accomplish. Therefore, we may spare our "char- 
ity," and through knowledge give justice. 

The three grand divisions of the face — namely, the Chemi- 
cal, the Architectural, and the Mathematical— have also their 



BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 25 

subdivisions. The Chemical includes the moral, the domes- 
tic, and the supplyant powers; the Architectural, the faculties 
which indicate the building, artistic, religious, and literary 
traits; and the Mathematical includes the reasoning powers, 
which are the chief faculties in numerical demonstration. 

We shall proceed now to the examination of the sub- 
basilar laws of the science. The first is stated thus: All 
form indicates character. The second, all color denotes 
character; third, texture is significant of quality; fourth, the 
size of the nose, controlled by quality, is the measure of 
power; fifth, the shape of the nose shows the kind of power; 
sixth, Nature is harmonious; seventh, Nature is compen- 
satory. 

These last two propositions are established throughout 
all Nature's works. They are proved in all the lower ani- 
mals, among birds, insects, and plants. Observe, for in- 
stance, the spider, which has no wings to assist it in escap- 
ing; its compensation consists in having eight eyes, placed 
two in front, two on top of the head, and two on each side. 
These eyes are without motion; yet their situation enables 
the spider to comprehend every view which his safety 
demands. 

"We now commence with the general proposition that "all 
form indicates character." Within the three grand divisions 
of the face, we find the facial indications of five different 
systems of functions which go to create the different forms 
of man, and which are always found in combination, but in 
different degrees of development in different persons. These 
are named the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the 
Osseous, and the Brain and Nerve systems. Upon the dif- 
ferent degrees of development of these several conformations 
depends man's power for being mainly either Chemical, 
Architectural, or Mathematical. 

The organization which is mainly Chemical in its operation 
and effects is known by a predominance of the Vegetative 
system, and is accompanied most largely by all those func- 
tions which serve to supply the body with material, and for 
3 



26 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the protection and procreation of the race. The functions 
included in this division of the organism are those of diges- 
tion, reproduction, respiration through the mouth, secretion, 
excretion, and growth. These functions are productive of 
the following faculties: Conscientiousness, Firmness, Ali- 
mentiveness, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Children, 
Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Modesty, Self-esteem, Se- 
cretiveness, Eesistance, and Force. These include in their 
action all the laws common to vegetable life, and have not 
the power of motion, will, and conscious sensation — these 
being exclusively animal powers. The development of all 
these traits proceeds mainly from chemical action; as, for 
instance, the sustentation of the body and the procreation of 
the race. These operations are entirely chemical. 

The Architectural division is shown by a predominance of 
the Muscular, Thoracic, and Osseous systems, which embrace 
within their own action almost all of the principles of me- 
chanical forces; such as the different lever powers, different 
principles of valves, and the representation of a pulley (in 
the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the 
eye); also other powers which will be mentioned hereafter. 
The traits indicated in this division are Hope, Cautiousness, 
Analysis, Imitation, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, 
Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Self-will, 
Credenciveness, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, 
Size, Weight, Color, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, 
Language. You will observe, by these names, that the 
artistic and religious faculties are included in this as sub- 
divisions. 

The Mathematical division of the face has its work per- 
formed mainly by the Brain and Nerve system. The facul- 
ties shown in this division are named Time, Causality, Com- 
parison, and Intuition. '. 

The several systems of the body and faculties of the mind 
act and react upon each other, and sustain inter-relations 
to each other; but each division is mainly sustained by the 
action of the system to which the several different parts of 
the face indicate it as belonging. 



BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. A i 

As I have before stated, the principles of Physiognomy 
are founded on the same general laws which underlie all 
matter, but having for their demonstration special laws. 
When we reflect that brain, matter in the form of nerves, and 
nervous ganglia, as well as the muscles, are instrumental in 
producing mental manifestations, we must at once conclude 
that the rather contracted views and theories of the ancient 
metaphysicians and modern phrenologists must give way to 
more extended and well demonstrated fads. The entire 
surface of the body being covered with a cuticle, upon which 
a fine net-work of nerves ramifies, gives us a very extensive 
sense-organ, and makes us cognizant of temperature, tactile 
sensations, and pressure; and by the aid of these several 
sensations, very many mental impressions are conveyed. 

The theory of Mind which is set forth in this system of 
Physiognomy is more comprehensive than any which has 
been given hitherto. Many advanced and eminent scientists 
and physicians to the insane have recently become imbued 
with the idea that the brain is not the sole and exclusive 
mental organ; that the muscles, and the nervous ganglia and 
plexuses of human and animal organisms, may be of a mental 
character, and exhibit or assist in illustrating mental mani- 
festations. 

Among those who advocate this idea as probable, I may 
mention Herbert Spencer, Dr. Maudsley, and Dr. Lindsay — 
men whose opinions are received with respect and credence. 
It has been reserved for a woman, however, to carry their 
observations and research to a finality; and by the aid of 
the physiognomies of both animal and human beings, their 
ideas of the diffusive locale of the mind have been extended 
and made more comprehensive still, by proving that the 
viscera, as well as the bones, muscles, and nervous ganglia 
and plexuses, are instrumental in exhibiting mental phenom- 
ena. It is not essential, at this stage of this work, to give 
proofs of the position I assume in this theory of Mind; but 
as we proceed, the rationale will be developed, and I believe 
the evidence will not be wanting to substantiate my position. 



28 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

I leave the case in the hands of the scientific, the logical, 
and unprejudiced reader. My motive is based on a love of 
Nature and of justice, and will enable me to reject any idea, 
however much I may respect it, if it be found not true and 
scientific. 

That Physiognomy, as a science of the mind and body, has 
been understood in some remote ages of the world, is proved 
by reference to Leviticus, xxi, 18-21. You will find that 
that great law-giver and hygienist, Moses, understood what I 
claim for Physiognomy to-day; viz., that all personal defects 
which are congenital, and not accidental, are the outward 
signs of mental and moral deficiencies; and he demanded 
that those who came before the people to be their spiritual 
and moral guides should illustrate in their own persons that 
physical combination which is the indication of moral balance 
and intellectual capacity. In his directions to those priests 
who were to serve at the Holy Table, he says: " For what- 
soever man he be that hath a blemish, he shall not approach. 
A blind man or a lame, or he that hath a flat nose or any- 
thing superfluous, or a man that is broken-footed or broken- 
handed, or a dwarf or crooked-backed, or that hath a blemish 
in his eye, or be scurvy or scabbed, or whatsoever man he 
be that hath a blemish, let him not approach." Indeed, the 
whole tendency of Moses's teaching proves him to have pos- 
sessed a knowledge of sanitary law and mental characteris- 
tics such as Scientific Physiognomy only teaches, and which 
has made his followers the longest lived, the healthiest, and 
most prosperous people on earth to-day. 

The index of both body and mind is written in unmistakable 
characters on the face; and it is most astonishing that while 
people have a knowledge of almost every other science, that of 
the face is a sealed book to them. The mass of the people 
are, through ignorance of natural law, generated under all 
sorts of horrible conditions. They perceive results only — 
not causes; and to erroneous and false systems of religion 
and metaphysics are we indebted for this lamentable condi- 
tion of mankind. Not until we understand natural laws and 



BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 29 

apply them — particularly those of Physiognomy and Physi- 
ology — shall we have higher types of manhood. 

The basilar principles before mentioned, discovered by me 
and verified by a lifetime of observation, investigation, and 
reflection, I give to the world as my contribution toward the 
enlightenment of its denizens. I do not claim to have dis- 
covered all that exists on the subject. As an eminent geolo- 
gist bas told us, "Man is not made, but making," so the 
knowledge of man must go back into the past and keep pace 
with the present, to know what may be the possibilities of 
the race in the future. One person can no more tell us the 
all of human character than can one astronomer tell us the 
all of the great worlds above us. 

The ancient philosophers believed the mind to be a unit, 
operating independently of the body; Phrenology went far- 
ther, and showed some of the relations of the mind to the 
brain; Physiognomy goes still farther, and proves the rela- 
tion and interaction of the faculties of the mind and brain 
with the several organs of the body, and locates their posi- 
tion in the face exactly. As we proceed to study this sci- 
ence, we must keep this fact ever before us : That faculties 
or traits are dual, and have their physical, as well as mental 
representatives; that neither can operate without the other. 
The face proves this; the life of man bears witness to it. 
There is no line of demarkation between the different parts 
of our natures, separating one from another, and all mental, 
moral, mechanical, artistic, and literary phenomena find 
their sustentation and illustration in the numerous physical 
powers which make up man's organism. 

Scientific Physiognomy, well understood, declares to us 
that the human body and mind are regulated by a system of 
checks and balances; as, for instance, where we observe Self- 
esteem lacking, we always find some other trait in excess to 
supply the want — to assist, as it were, in balancing the char- 
acter. Just so, in the physical organism, where one organ 
is weak or defective Nature at once gives assistance by 
calling upon some other part of the system to supply the de- 



30 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ficiency. Thus, to illustrate, when the kidneys are small or 
defective the skin is unusually active "and assists in carrying 
off the waste of the body by means of perspiration. In the 
same way a great excess of one faculty shows a correspond- 
ing weakness in another. This applies equally to the phy- 
sical as to the mental. Whenever you discover one great 
trait in a character, whether it be a fault or a virtue, en- 
deavor to ascertain for what it is the compensation. Lord 
Byron and Edgar A. Poe are illustrations of this principle. 
Each possessed a predominance of the mental faculties at 
the expense of the moral, and their physical organisms were 
correspondingly unbalanced. Both died young. 

Horace Greeley is another instance of the truth of this 
proposition. He was greatly lacking in several practical 
faculties; his compensation consisted in an excessive and un- 
common development of Reason and Memory. His physical 
powers partook of the same strength and weakness, and when 
a time of unusual exertion came to him the inequality of the 
mental and physical powers became apparent; his mind gave 
w r ay, and this great and brilliant man died in a mad-house. 

The judgment of the masses as to what constitutes great- 
ness is usually very superficial. Their estimate of a great 
man is that he is universally great — great in every direction; 
while the truth is that the man who shines so brilliantly in a 
given sphere is usually very much Avanting in some part of 
his organism. Physiognomy will discover the deficiences and 
locate them exactly in the face. They can be seen at a 
glance almost, and any one of ordinary comprehension, with 
a few simple instructions, can discover this readily; this test 
is infallible. "Were this knowledge more general it would 
benefit mankind incalculably; as, for instance, in selecting the 
right partner for marriage, in choosing friends, and in de- 
ciding the natural adaptability to employments, and in com- 
prehending the mental and physical constitutions and condi- 
tions of children. To mothers, it would give the power to 
understand, almost instantly, which organs of their children 
were weak and which strong. One can locate as readily the 



BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 31 

faculties in the face, after few instructions, as one can point 
out the rivers, bays, and mountains on a map; it is simply 
Human Geography. At every step of life it is of use. At 
home, at church, in the street and in society, one can make 
studies with trifling effort. In the whole range of the natu- 
ral sciences, I do not know of one so beautiful or more pro- 
fitable than this. It is elevating to the intellect and moral 
character, and nothing in Nature presents greater proof of 
the power and wisdom of God than this science. In short, 
it is the duty of every one to understand himself and her- 
self, as well as those by whom we are surrounded. Many 
persons, on finding that the face discloses character, are 
seized with fear. Let me ask such, for what do they sup- 
pose the face was made? Perhaps for the same purpose for 
which Talleyrand said words were invented — to conceal 
thoughts. Not so ! — but to reveal them. God did not place 
us here to live forever under laws which were to be a sealed 
book to us, but He gave us the faculties to discover and 
apply them. 

In commencing the analysis of character, all self-love must 
be thrown aside, and the individual must be willing to stand 
before the whole world for just what he is according to the 
rules of science — a correct knowledge of which will give a 
true analysis of character and will also teach the methods by 
which knowledge comes to us; through which faculties we 
receive an understanding of Size, Form, Events, and Num- 
bers, and which department of our Memory is faulty, and 
how to strengthen it. 

Very few persons analyze keenly enough to discover through 
which faculty they learn spelling, geography, marksmanship, 
and other arts; also, most persons have very erroneous con- 
ceptions of the rationale or philosophy of the emotions and 
passions — love, jealousy, revenge, benevolence, generosity, 
hatred, aud the like. 

One will hear many persons declare that there can be no 
real love without jealousy. An analysis of any character in 
which jealousy preponderates will give a character very un- 



32 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

balanced, and lacking either in its moral or mental make-up. 
"Perfect love castetli out fear." Suspicion, jealousy, hatred, 
and revenge are always the accompaniments of unbalanced 
natures, and are the proofs of a lack of either good reasoning 
powers, conscientiousness, self-esteem, or perception — one 
or more; and when we perceive either of these passions ex- 
hibited, we will find in the face the proof of this statement 
disclosed. 

The why and wherefore of all the defects of human nature 
never has been understood, through the want of a system to 
analyze and verify the indications. In the same way, many 
traits are misunderstood and tl jir action not comprehended, 
for lack of scientific knowledge of character. Thus, for ex- 
ample, the faculty named Amat'veness, or Love, which is, we 
may say, the power underlying all the other faculties, and 
really one of the most important in the human economy, is 
the least understood of all the faculties. Physiognomy 
proves this to have a mental poiver, as well as a physiological 
basis, and to be possessed in a larger degree by all persons 
of creative talent than by others not thus endowed. This 
creative ability proceeds from an excess or a large endow- 
ment of the procreative or reproductive system. This princi- 
ple will be understood better as the reader advances; the 
plan of this work is progressive, leading from the simple to 
the complex, But let me state, just here, that it is an estab- 
lished law of Physiognomy, that a person can illustrate best 
in his w r orks those principles and laws of Mechanism, Art, 
and Science which are found well developed in his own 
organism. It will be found, upon further study of this sys- 
tem of Mental Physiology, that it is the procreative power 
which guides the graver's chisel, the artist's brush, the com- 
poser's pen; and is illustrated in the musician's harmonies, 
the imagination of the writer of fiction, the inventor's me- 
chanism, and the dramatic artist's imitations. The proof of 
this can be established by the study of the faces of Mozart, 
Kubens, Michael Angelo, Shakspeare, Dickens, and all per- 
sons in all ages who have excelled in any department of 



BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 33 

Creative Art. They could not have thus excelled without 
this function and faculty preponderating. 

The beautiful child-characters conceived in the brain and 
portrayed by the pen of Dickens are creations hs real as 
though the breath of life had been breathed upon them. 
They could not have had a mental conception and birth, had 
there not been a large endowment of the procreative power 
in the organism of this author. The face of Dickens proves 
him to have been possessed of the faculties of Amativeness, 
Love of Young, Constructiveness, Human Nature, Form, 
Size, and Imitation, in a remarkable degree; and one who 
has learned to localize the signal or these faculties can find the 
evidence of them in the physiognomy of this great character- 
painter, f, 

Physiognomy teaches the lai T ;s of Heredity, and shows how 
ancestral types are reproduced; it teaches how, by the right 
mingling of types, to eradicate weakness, both mental and 
physical, as well as vice and immorality. 

In order to bring about a higher humanity, we must re- 
verse the methods and opinions which have prevailed for 
ages, and, instead of regarding these subjects as bad and 
degrading, we must teach that religion commences in the 
physical system, and that the surest way to save sinners is by 
learning the grand truths which Science unfolds, and which 
must be applied in order to bring rightly organized bodies 
and souls into existence. 

A celebrated writer on Heredity says: "As yet, there has 
been no true breed of men under the accidental or intuitional 
action of love. There is a superabundance of imperfect men 
and women on the globe, with only here and there a speci- 
men that suggests the possibilities of the race." We must 
bring our eyes close down to Nature, and there learn the 
lessons which never can be false, not depending for guidance 
on doctrines and theories, venerable though they be, which 
have been tried and found utterly wanting in every element 
of true science and true religion, "which, is the fulfilling of 
the Law." 



34 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

I maintain that nearly all the errors in regard to Man — his 
life, his surroundings, his relations to them and their rela- 
tions to him, his religion, his sense of right, his misconcep- 
tions of beauty, his exceedingly scant knowledge of govern- 
mental principles — proceed directly from utter ignorance of 
himself, and while he has a knowledge of the planets, stars, 
winds, rocks, beasts, birds, snakes, and animalculse, he does 
not know the laws which govern his own body. He cannot 
understand one single sign of character as indicated by the 
face; he knows not the meaning of different voices ; the walk 
of man conveys to him no meaning; the color of the eyes 
and hair declares nothing to his sense of sight. He is like a 
mole, groping in daylight. He plans and executes grand 
enterprises; he spans continents; he examines the character 
of the uttermost stars, calculates eclipses, traces the paths 
of comets to remote ages, understands to a nicety the great 
world and the little world as shown by the telescope and the 
microscope; and yet cannot sound the depths of his child's 
character, which appear to him unfathomable. Why is this? 
Is it because the science of Man is more abstruse and occult 
than all others? — because it belongs to the unknowable? 
Not so. It is because he has not thought of these things, 
and because he has not been taught them as he has the other 
sciences. I regard it as the most simple of all the sciences, 
the most easily demonstrated, the most essential to human 
happiness and welfare. 

And until the science of Physiognomy is commonly under- 
stood, Government, as a science, cannot go forward. Legis- 
lating for beings, of the laws of whose existence one is in 
utter ignorance, is an absurdity, and will fail. Not until the 
masses can put themselves in harmonious relations to their 
environment can government go forward, and this can result 
only from a complete knowledge of Man, his capacities, his 
needs, and his possibilities. This knowledge proceeds only 
from a scientific study of himself. When Man becomes con- 
vinced that his face registers his life, and that "he who runs 
may read " what he has been about, and that he cannot hide 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 35 

his inner self from the gaze of the world, he will endeavor 
to make his life so good and so noble that he will not be 
ashamed of the most rigid scrutiny, because it is only in thus 
doing that he will be enabled to have either a character or a 
reputation. 

Physiognomy as a science, with rules and established prin- 
ciples so plainly set forth as to be comprehended by the 
masses, has never been given to the world until recently. 
Lavater possessed the power of reading the human face intu- 
itively, but he has left among his writings no rules nor prin- 
ciples by which students can learn this science. The best 
book and school for students is Nature. Still, a keen ob- 
server may record such discoveries in this field as to be a 
benefit to coming generations. This science is gigantic in 
its proportions; and when we reflect that there are in the 
world no two organizations with exactly the same combina- 
tion of traits, we see that the field is wide, with room for 
many observers. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS THAT GEE ATE CHAEACTEE. 

"The mind is invisible to those who understand not the body of Physiognomy." 

WlNKLEMAN. 

Victor Cousin, in his admirable "Essay on the Beautiful," 
remarks : ' ' All is symbolic in Nature. Form is not form only ; 
it unfolds something inward." This philosophy is scientifi- 
cally correct. That all form indicates character is a principle 
so well established throughout Nature as to need little testi- 
mony from me. In the study of the science before us, it is 
absolutely essential that this principle should be thoroughly 
comprehended, and the character of its various phases un- 



36 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

derstood at first sight, in order to render the interpretation 
of character certain and beyond all peradventure and doubt, 
for upon the conformation of the Physiognomy (and here I 
mean the entire body) are we mainly dependent for knowl- 
edge of the character of the entire man. It is true that size, 
color, texture of the skin and hair, health, etc., play their 
part in determining characteristics; still, Form is primarily 
the grand determining, dominating principle underlying all 
others. Its meanings should be completely mastered before 
proceeding to the consideration of other branches of our 
subject. 

The more advanced Phrenologists, who commenced the 
investigation of Phrenology on the basis of classification by 
color of the complexion, hair, and eyes, have gradually arrived 
at the conclusion that form is the most decisive factor in the 
interpretation of character. O. S. Fowler declares, in his 
work on "Human Science," that the correct way is to classify 
character by the forms of the body, and that these forms are 
produced by the predominance of one or the other of the 
five principal systems of functions included in the human 
organism. These systems and forms he designates the Vital, 
Motive or Mechanical, and Mental Temperaments. 

I cannot comprehend how Mr. Fowler can consistently re- 
tain the word "Temperament" in his designation of forms. 
Temperament is the word used by Hippocrates to indicate 
the several colors of the complexion. It has no more rela- 
tion to Form than it has to Color. If we wish to use lan- 
guage at once intelligent and comprehensive, it must be 
rejected, as well as the method of deciding character by so 
small a portion of the organism as the skull alone. Why 
should not the face, where the most active and impressible 
of the muscles are located, and the contour of the entire 
body, be taken into account? It is certainly a good dfcal 
more difficult to feel the head, which has no power of ex- 
pression, and is not as practicable for every-day and instant 
use as the face and outlines' of the body. "A cat may look 
upon a king," and so one may study the features of his fellow- 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 37 

men without saying, "By your leave." This system of Phys- 
iognomy classifies upon the basis of forms, which are derived 
from the several organ-systems that are included in the human 
body. It also shows the influence of color and health, as 
well as all the other conditions which determine character. 

In the human organism there are five different organ-sys- 
tems, which, in their development, produce different config- 
urations of the body and corresponding differences of mental 
development. These systems are always found in combina- 
tion, but in different degrees of power, in every individual, 
and to these variations are we indebted for the infinite variety 
of the human race. . These five systems are named the Veg- 
etative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous or Bony, 
and the Brain and Nervous systems — the last mentioned 
forming one system and producing one conformation. Each 
of these systems exhibits a different set of physical functions 
and mental faculties peculiar to itself, but are so constituted 
that neither can exist without the action and interaction of 
some proportion of each of the others. 

In order to create a normal and healthful condition of the 
organism, there must always be a due development of each 
of these systems; else incompetency, disease, and early de- 
cline will be the result. The system which is the first in the 
order of development of all organized life, and which is also 
the underlying or basilar system of man's organism, is the 
Vegetative, and has, in common with the various growths of 
vegetable life, the functions of sustentation, imbibition from 
the air and water (through the pores of plants and the mouth 
of man), the functions of reproduction, of assimilation, of 
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, circulation, and 
growth; but the Vegetative system gives no power for the 
expression of the phenomena of either thought, volition, or 
sensation. Every plant, tree, vegetable, and shrub has the 
power of absorbing, excreting, reproducing, circulating its 
sap and juices through its cells and tubes (and this by hy- 
drostatic law and the law of gravitation). All the lower ani- 
mals have the same powers and functions. Not until other 



38 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

systems of functions are superadded do we discover any 
power of volition or conscious sensation. It is true that the 
lowest animal organisms give indications of possessing a 
certain form of sensation, yet these are all in the vegetative 
condition. No organs for the expression of sensation, as we 
find it illustrated in higher animal organisms, have yet been 
evolved, and until these organs or systems of functions are 
added — such, for example, as bones, muscles, and brain — 
volition, sensation, and thought, in their most complete 
sense, are not present. The intelligent reader, who has fol- 
lowed the course of the evolution of man from the lower 
organisms, will have observed the order in which the several 
systems of functions, and their accompanying faculties of 
Mind (as it is called), have evolved or developed. As Nature 
has indicated this order as her supreme law of progression, 
I shall endeavor, in the exposition of this system of Physi- 
ognomy to follow her methods, believing the laws of Nature 
to be divine and infallible. These laws, if allowed free scope 
and not impeded by the ignorance or willfulness of man, will 
always result in harmonious development and equilibrium. 

A study of the laws of natural progression shows us that 
all organic life commences with the development of the func- 
tions of sustentation, reproduction, secretion, and excretion. 
Here, then, is the physical basis of life. "Man, in his em- 
bryonic life, passes through all the various stages of progress 
and development that the lower organisms pass through in 
their evolution from the merely vegetative existence to the 
highest degree of sensation attained by animal organisms."* 
At his birth he possesses all of the functions and faculties 
which characterize all vegetable and animal organisms, with 
the addition of a higher grade of intellectual apprehension 
and with more perfected and sensitive members and faculties. 
These are arranged in the body in the exact order in which they 
have evolved in the lower organisms, the vegetative functions 
occupying the lower portion of the trunk, and the brain, the 
latest organ to become developed, the highest portion of the 

# Haeckel. 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 



39 



body. In the human face, the signs indicating these several 
organs and functions, with their accompanying faculties, will 
be found to follow the same plan precisely. 

THE YEGETATIYE SYSTEM. 




The amoeba, the first and 
lowest specimen of animal 
life, like Topsy, "never was 
born. It growed." At its 
starting-point it is a mere 
speck of jelly, without form, 
swayed by the waters in which 
it exists into any shape the 
waves compel it. It appears 
in this stage to be nothing 
more than stomach — stomach 
all over. It lives by assimi- 
lating nutriment which it derives from the air and water. It 
is expressionless, shapeless. It is now simply a chemical 
compound. The rudimentary stage of all organic life is 
chemical merely. After a while this speck of jelly, in its 
next stage of progress, begins to attract from the. sea parti- 
cles of lime, and shape for itself an outer covering; this is 
its bony system. At this point of growth the bone is placed 
outside instead of inside the animal. It has now taken upon 
itself the next step in evolution, and become architectural as 
well as chemical, and assumes various fixed geometrical 
forms, as we find in the foraminifera. It is probable that 
the first races of men were stomach men merely; that is to 
say, they lived in the lowest range of functions and faculties 
— viz., those of sustentation and reproduction — and that the 
powers which assist Man in his Architectural and Mathe- 
matical efforts were not developed at that stage of evolution 
to any appreciable extent, but were merely rudimentary. 

The New Zealander is a fair sample of this stage of evolu- 
tion. Of course, the germs of all the five systems were 



40 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

present in the lowest types of man, but in that epoch of de- 
velopment they lacked both size and quality, and were not 
perfected as at the present time in perfected races. The 
other systems of functions, and many faculties now seen in 
combination with the Vegetative, have been very largely per- 
fected since — particularly the Brain and Nerve system, which 
is now in a more active state than ever before in the world's 
history. From being a stomach race we are becoming a 
brain race. What evolution will do for us in the ages to 
come, it is difficult to predict. The law of progress is always 
from the lower to the higher, and surely we can say of human 
nature there is need of higher growth. 

The Vegetative system will always play an important part 
in the human economy. It is the base of many fine traits of 
character, as well as being the sustaining power of the or- 
ganism. The absence of a due admixture of this system 
produces an impoverished body and a mind devoid of many 
beautiful and useful traits. Friendship, Approbativeness, 
Conscientiousness, Parental Love, and Amativeness are di- 
rectly related to this system, and all sustained by its devel- 
opment and action. The Vegetative system is known by a 
preponderance of soft fatty tissue all over the body, fullness 
of cheeks, large mouth, slow motions and weak mental action, 
slow pulse, and face with little expression. People in whom 
this system predominates are never deep thinkers, are unex- 
citable, sensual, wanting in dignity and enterprise, generally 
domestic and social. This system constitutes the chemical 
or underlying basis of the human organism. It is almost 
entirely chemical in its operation, and sustains those faculties 
which also lead to chemical action; as, for example, the pro- 
creation of the race, love of children, friendship, etc. The 
facial indication of this system is shown more particularly 
developed in the part of the face below the nose. A line 
drawn across the face below the base of the nose, across 
the cheek, up to the bottom of the ear, will show in all per- 
sons the degree of development of the Vegetative system, 
although where this system predominates the entire face, as 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 41 

well as the body, will indicate its supremacy. The Vegeta- 
tive system includes all the viscera within the pelvic basin. 
These are named the intestines, spleen, bladder, kidneys, 
pancreas, and organs of reproduction. The action of these 
organs leads directly to the development of the following 
named faculties: Conscientiousness, Amativeness, Aliment- 
iveness, Love of Young, Benevolence, Mirthfuloess, Ap- 
probativeness, Friendship, Modesty, and Firmness. The 
diseases which affect this system are dropsy, inflammatory 
rheumatism, gout, apoplexy, tumorous growths, and various 
chronic disorders. 

The Vegetative system shows the functions of body and 
faculties of mind that are dominant in childhood; and the 
Physiognomy of all infants and young children, if they are 
healthy, exhibits a larger development of the signs of those 
faculties and functions than of the other divisions, where the 
sigus of the Artistic, Mechanical, and Mathematical are lo- 
cated. The three divisions of the face, by the very order 
of their arrangement and locality, indicate the order of 
progressive growth and development of the body and mind: 
First, the Vegetative system, which is dominant in childhood; 
afterward, the Mechanical faculties assert their dawning 
powers, just in the ratio that the bones and muscles strength- 
en; and when children commence to understand the use and 
management of material substances, they can become expert 
in light manual labor, both artistic and mechanical. Later 
in life, the brain becomes more mature, and pure abstract 
reason dominates all the previous developments, and math- 
ematical calculation serves also to assist mental processes. 

The faculty of Conscientiousness is located in the Chemical 
or underlying system, proving conclusively that morality 
commences in the physical basis — just where it should, to 
be of the greatest value to the organism. If a cultivated 
and quickened moral sense were brought to bear upon all 
the faculties and functions of this division of the human 
organism, many of the sins and evils affecting the human 
family would be unknown. A judicious mingling of this 
4 



42 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



system with a suitable proportion of the other systems of the 
organism creates health and happiness. How to accomplish 
this result will be shown as we proceed to investigate the 
science of Physiognomy. This system constitutes the Chem- 
ical division of the body and mind; the faculties set in action 
by its laws are mainly chemical in their operation. 

THE THOEACIC SYSTEM. 



We are taught 
that in the early 
geologic periods, 
the development of 
the organ sytems of 
the primary verte- 
brates was in the 
following order: 

First, the intes- 
tines; second, the 
swim-bladder. 

And this corre- 
sponds to the true 
Lung or Thoracic 
system in later or- 
ganisms. The mus- 
cles were the next 
evolved; then the 
spinal axis and the 
bones; last of all 
s£&^*s$^-v:^--- foe brain proper 

thomas H. benton. made its appear- 

ance. In the fish, the earliest vertebrate, the lung is rudi- 
mental, and is known as the "swim-bladder." 

And in the fish we have the basilar plan of all verte- 
brates; and as Man is the highest development of that class, 
I shall follow the same line of unfoldment in describing his 
formation, believing that the methods of nature create a 




THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 43 

unity of action and universality of type, and when we wish 
to understand principles concerning the human organism 
which seem obscure or mysterious, a practical ' ' interroga- 
tion of Nature " is the readiest way to solve the problem . 
Nature never errs — never lies; it is the only "infallible" 
power of which I have knowledge. "The breath is the life 
thereof;" without a fair proportion of the Thoracic system 
(which includes the lungs, liver, and heart), Man would be 
inefficient, short-lived, and groveling. This system, in its 
highest manifestation, shows that the aeration of the blood 
is performed on a large scale. This induces buoyancy of 
spirits, quickness and clearness of the brain, ambition, hope, 
and progressive mentality. Pioneers, discoverers, warriors, 
ambitious and aggressive people the world over, will be found 
within this class. History abounds in the record of men 
with large lungs and small brain, who have made of life a 
brilliant success, but is almost void of those possessed of 
large brain and small lungs. This system is recognized by 
large chest, wide cheek-bones, bright, hopeful eyes, elastic 
step, large nose, wide nostrils, good complexion, happy dis- 
position, not given to intense study, with moderate-sized 
brain and abdomen. Persons in this class are fond of 
amusements and out-door sports and business in the open 
air; quick at apprehending everything, and as quick to drop 
a pursuit. This peculiarity causes them to excel in pioneer- 
ing and geographical discovery, and in all pursuits where 
activity and constant motion are needed. The diseases to 
which this system is most liable are acute and inflammatory. 
All the great warriors and orators of the world have pos- 
sessed a large share of this system. Julius Caesar, Welling- 
ton, Bonaparte, and Cromwell, among warriors, and Cicero, 
Patrick Henry, William Pitt, and Henry Clay, among ora- 
tors, are illustrations of this conformation well developed. 

The Thoracic system is included in the Architectural divis- 
ion of the face and body, and assists, with lung power and 
activity of the heart and liver, in the promotion of the many 
and varied activities which mechanism calls into play. 



44 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Hope, Cautiousness, Human Nature, Sublimity, Analysis, 
and Imitation are directly related to and governed by this 
system. Persons with this system dominant are character- 
ized by their ready apprehension of natural laws and princi- 
ples, and appear to be in accord with the laws of Nature; 
yield readily to hygienic treatment when attacked with dis- 
ease; and, as their ailments are generally acute, must have 
prompt attention and relief. They are very susceptible to 
atmospheric influences, and are easily affected by the poison- 
ous gases engendered by crowded assemblies; indeed, bad 
air affects them sooner than it does those with small lungs, 
for the reason that as they inhale more air in the same time, 
the entire organism becomes permeated with the noxious 
effluvia arising from a crowded hall or theater. Children in 
whom are found the salient points of the Thoracic system 
are restless, eager for change, quick to learn by perception 
rather than from books; are seldom profound scholars; never 
apply themselves in childhood, but as they advance in life 
are more capable of continuous application; are adapted only 
to professions which are pursued mainly out of doors; the 
study of the natural sciences, and the pursuit of science 
professionally, is best adapted to this class. The faculties 
of mind to which their physical functions give rise endow 
them with just the combination of traits that is essential to 
success in this department of knowledge. Such should be- 
come botanists, stock-breeders, floriculturists, geologists, 
hygienists, or follow similar pursuits. By this method, their 
health, happiness, and usefulness will be enhanced. 

People of this type make cheerful and safe companions, 
for, as their organisms are filled with the oxygen and ozone 
of the atmosphere, their moral sense and purity of mind are 
stronger than in weaker developments of the Thoracic sys- 
tem. They retain their youthful purity, spirits, and vivacity 
to an advanced age; also, they are, as a rule, high-minded, 
filled with noble and philanthropic desires, or ambitious to 
fill prominent and distinguished positions in society. 

Thus much will capacity for and a full supply of pure air 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 



45 



do for the individual. A system of ventilation for public 
buildings and homes is the greatest necessity of the present 
age. We cannot expect pure-minded, noble characters to 
thrive and expand in close, ill-smelling, noxious dwellings. 
If we desire moral men and women, and those who are truly 
religious, our systems of drainage, sewerage, ventilation, and 
water supply will have to be amended before such result can 
be secured; for any system of Theology or Ethics, which 
does not include Natural Law as its ruling principle, will 
create no improved types of the human family, and will only 
succeed in producing a class of theoretic sentimentalists, 
without the power to be either pure-minded, noble, or truly 
religious. Fresh air, pure water, bathing, hygienic diet, and 
self-control, used according to law, contain all the funda- 
mental principles of true religion, and will advance civiliza- 
tion to grander heights of purity, morality, and truth than 
all the dogmatic theologies of the centuries. Pure water 
and pure air are the first necessities of life, and must be had 
if a fine development of the Thoracic system is desired. 



THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 



Great size is not, as 
some imagine, always 
an indication of great 
strength; it may be, 
and often is, an evi- 
dence of weakness. A 
person with a large, 
bony frame, without a 
due proportion of mus- 
cle, is found to be very 
lazy; he dislikes mo- 
tion, and is not so 
strong as his appearance would indicate. On the other 
hand, an individual possessed of a large Vegetative develop- 
ment is not stroug because the Bony and Muscular systems 




JAMES McFADDEN, A NOTED BURGLAR. 



46 PEACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

are not sufficiently powerful to carry around the large quan- 
tity of soft, fatty tissue which this system exhibits. The 
result in either case is weakness. Beginners in the study of 
the science of Physioguomy find it somewhat difficult to 
distinguish between fat and muscle — between the Vegetative 
and the Muscular developments. The signs of this system 
are located all over the body, from the eyes to the tips of 
the fingers and the ends of the toes. 

It is not my intention to go into an extended description 
of the Muscular system ; this can be obtained from any work 
on Anatomy; but a few simple instructions, to enable the 
observer to distinguish the salient features of the system, is 
all that will be needed in this connection. A broad form, 
with well developed muscles and tendons, quick, elastic step, 
shoulders broad in proportion to the rest of the body, low 
forehead, and relatively small head, large, full convex eye, 
short, thick nose, and short, thick neck, are the chief indices 
of the predominance of the Muscular system. Mentally 
muscular people are seldom gifted, but under the excitement 
or stimulus of the emotions, will succeed in many difficult 
enterprises; under the influence of rage, will become des- 
perate and destructive, and should guard against the exercise 
of this passion, as really well meaning persons have com- 
mitted capital crimes by losing control of their muscular 
powers. 

The many and varied expressions of the human face are 
due to the action of a great number of muscles, some anato- 
mists describing as many as thirty-six pairs and two single 
muscles in the face alone, and in the entire body more than 
five hundred. All eminent actors, singers, musicians, and 
sculptors are largely endowed with a fine quality of muscle. 
The nature of their professions requires that they should be 
able to have perfect control of the muscular sense. A scientific 
reading of the faces of all who excel in any of these pursuits 
shows that the Muscular system is pre-eminent in their 
organisms, with a suitable Brain system added. 

Part of the muscles are voluntary and under the control of 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 47 

the will; as, for instance, the muscles attached to the joints, 
the muscles controlling facial expression and the voice. An- 
other set are involuntary, and perform their functions without 
the control or will of the individual; such as the heart, 
stomach, luugs, etc. The action of the muscles of the hu- 
man organism affords a wonderful and beautiful exhibition 
of mechanical ingenuity and effects, and serves to illustrate 
one of the fundamental principles of Scientific Physiognomy; 
viz., that man cannot perform any work outside of himself 
unless his nature is largely endowed with the very principles 
which he requires to use in his work. Hence it is that we 
find in mechanics who excel a good development of the 
bony and muscular systems; also, in sculptors, orators, and 
artists. Who ever saw a mechanic with the Vegetative sys- 
tem predominant, with short, fat limbs, large abdomen, small 
bones and muscles, puffy cheeks, round head, and slow, 
waddling gait? Such men are incapable, even, of under- 
standing mechanical principles, and wholly incompetent to 
perform mechanical labor. They are not built upon me- 
chanical principles themselves; therefore unsuited to carry 
out those principles. 

Dr. J. Simms, the eminent Physiognomist, tells us that 
"a curious law operating in connection with the human fac- 
ulties is that it is not within the power of any individual to 
do or perform anything which does not already exist and 
reside within his own organism. A man need not attempt 
to become a carpenter or architect, or to build a house, if he 
is not himself constructed on mechanical principles. If he 
has not a square form, and is not provided with large bones, 
he will be quite unable to distinguish himself in dealing with 
square objects, or things with angles and straight lines." My 
own observations fully corroborate all that Dr. Simms says 
on this subject, which he explains in the most simple and 
concise manner in his celebrated work entitled " Nature's 
Revelations of Character." 

The following description of the powers of the various 
muscles in the human organism will give the reader some 



48 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ideas of the mechanical powers and principles included in 
the Muscular system : 

" The human body combines in itself almost all the principles 
of natural forces; viz., the different lever powers in the action 
of the muscles upon the bones. One principle of it is well 
illustrated in the action of the biceps muscle in flexing the 
arm ; so, also, in the flexors generally — namely, that in which 
the force is applied between the weight and the fulcrum. 
Second, the action of the triceps muscles on the ulna, in ex- 
tending the forearm, is an instance of a lever power where 
the fulcrum is between the force and the weight. Third, the 
example of a lever applied to a weight between the fulcrum 
and the force may be seen in the action of the abductus 
magnus muscle of the thigh, in abducting the femur. The 
different joints are well illustrated in the ball-and-socket 
joint in the hip and shoulder, the hinge joint in the elbow, 
ankle, and knee. We have also joints with lateral motions, 
as well as with flexion and extension, in the wrist; a joint 
with a gliding motion, as in the temporo-maxillary and sterno- 
clavicular articulations. Then we have the mixed joints, as 
in the articulation of the sacrum to the iliac bones, the verte- 
brae, and the immovable joints, such as the sutures, etc. We 
have also the different principles of valves, in the heart and 
veins, and the pylorus between the stomach and the duode- 
num, and the representation of a pulley in the action of the 
superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye."* 

From the foregoing explanation of the action of the mus- 
cles within the body of man, it is quite easy to comprehend 
that, when these principles are largely represented in an 
individual, he will be better able to understand and put in 
practice the same principles in objects external to himself 
than one in whom these mechanical powers are deficient. 

From the preceding exhibit of the varied powers of mus- 
cular action, it will be seen that this system belongs to the 
Architectural division of the organism, and, in combination 
with the Osseous or Bony system (which will next be treated 

* Z. Hebert, M. D. 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 49 

of), constitutes the building powers and capacities of maD. 
Individuals in whom these two systems are well defined are 
coDstructive, often artistic, religious, emotional, and ama- 
tive; with a good quality of brain added, excel in literature 
as novelists, dramatic writers, and in sensational sermons. 
Many highly emotionally religious persons are found to be 
endowed with a fine quality of muscle. It does not necessa- 
rily follow that they are moral also. Emotion in excess is 
opposed to morality. At the same time, muscle assists faith, 
ardor, and zeal. In the races in which is found the most 
Credenciveness — that is to say, faith or belief — there will be 
found the predominance of the Muscular over the Bony sys- 
tem; as, for example, in the Jews, Turks, Persians, Ara- 
bians, and Hindoos. And what is true of the races applies 
with equal force to individuals. 

A complete revolution in the science of Human Nature 
must ensue before we can comprehend the motives and char- 
acter of man. Herbert Spencer, in his "Essay on Educa- 
tion," remarks that "without acquaintance with the general 
truths of biology and psychology, rational interpretation of 
social phenomena is impossible." And he also says, "The 
actions of individuals depend upon the laws of their natures, 
and their actions cannot be understood until these laws are 
understood." Now, the theories of the ancient metaphysi- 
cians and theologians were not founded on an intimate knowl- 
edge of either physiology or the- laws of mind, as revealed 
by investigation of either bony, muscular, or brain and nerve 
system. They w T ere, most of them, simply speculative theo- 
ries, which had no basis in fact and no foundation in reality. 
They were like the loves of the poets — creatures of the imag- 
ination merely. If we desire to advance in exact knowledge 
of real human nature, we must cast out the ancient dogmas, 
which, venerable as they may be, are untrustworthy, and 
interrogate nature face to face. First, learn the facts; then 
manufacture your theory in accordance therewith. Formerly 
the method was to construct an abstruse theory, couched in 
incomprehensible terms, and let the facts shift for themselves. 



50 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Then the necessity for faith and belief arose, and was at one 
time considered the crowning virtue of human character. 
Now childish credulity is looked upon in adults with a pitying 
eye, and we feel both sorrow and contempt for him who is 
too weak or too cowardly to grapple with the truths of Nature 
lest they overthrow some time-honored error which he is 
cherishing. 

"For Faith, fanatic Faith, once wedded fast 
To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last." 

When we wish to understand the emotions which play so 
important a part in the drama of life, we must look to the 
physiological and anatomical conditions of individuals and 
races, for it is to the Muscular system mainly that we are in- 
debted for the power to manifest emotion, will, and expression. 
The great number and variety of the muscles of the face 
alone, where expression is most manifest, will vouch for the 
truth of this statement. The eye alone expresses more feel- 
ing, emotion, will, mental energy, and capacity, than all the 
other muscles combined. I do not say that it performs more 
labor, but that it expresses more of the physical and mental 
characteristics of the individual than any other portion of 
the muscular system; and the reason why it does this is ex- 
plained by the fact that the eye is a mass of muscles. Added 
to this power is the fact, also, that the optic nerve finds its 
centre and seat here. The eye not only brings the world 
into the mind of the individual, but also shows to the world 
the mind of the man as he stands before our gaze. The mus- 
cles of the eye and the optic nerve combined bring to us the 
bulk of the knowledge we acquire. It is true, we can feel 
heat and cold, changes in the temperature of the air; we can 
taste, smell, hear, and touch without the use of our visual or- 
gans; but the world of Form — of Architecture — is unknown 
without this sense. The sense of color and the knowledge 
of form bring to us our most useful and practical acquire- 
ments, and to the use of the muscular system are we indebted 
for much that is practical, useful, and necessary. Hence, 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 51 

the importance of endowing our offspring with a good share 
of this system. It is a fine inheritance to leave them. It 
can be improved by food and exercise, rightly applied, and 
those who make gymnastic exercises a daily duty and pleas- 
ure are laying up a store of goodness, which, whether they 
will or not, will be transmitted to future generations, and 
thus "do our deeds follow us." 

When we examine the nature of muscle, we find, although 
it is powerful in expressing emotions, it is wanting in feeling, 
in sensitiveness. Hence, we find that muscular people, al- 
though able to express emotion, have very little of that keen- 
ness of sensation which those have who enjoy a fine nervous 
organization. Emotion is not sensation, and thus it is that 
those who seem to feel the most in reality feel the least. If 
one could cut a muscle without striking a nerve, there would 
be little, if any, feeling experienced. It is only by analyzing 
the constituents and nature of the several systems in the 
body that we are able to give to each its own appropriate 
share of work. This method enables us to relieve the brain 
of a large share of the labor which former theories of the mind 
have ascribed to it. Hitherto, it has been a poor overworked 
organ. If the brain is capable of all the labor which has 
been assigned to it by metaphysics, of what use, I ask, are 
the several ganglia, plexuses, the muscles, and the visceral 
organs? We must either divide the labor equitably or de- 
clare the utter inability of the last mentioned in assisting 
mental manifestations. 

THE OSSEOUS OE BONY SYSTEM. 

The Osseous or Bony system is known by height, large 
joints and bones, high cheek-bones, and predominance of 
the lower part of the forehead — projecting over and beyond 
the eyes — prominent chin, large hands and feet, and moder- 
ate sized brain. The bony structure is the foundation and 
framework of the human organism, upon which is built the 
entire man; and to the predominance of the bony structure 



52 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY.. 




ANDKEW JACKSON. 



man owes his char- 
acter for integrity, 
and stability, and 
physical and mental 
soundness; the very 
constituents of bone 
— lime, phosphates, 
magnesia, soda, etc. 
— give stability, in- 
tegrity, decision and 
firmness to the or- 
ganization in which 
they abound most 
largely; hence, the 
Bony system is the 
one in which, from 
the very nature of its 
components } we nat- 
urally look for the 
most stability and trustworthiness. It is also built upon the 
straight principle, "the bones forming right angles to each, 
other, causing the character to accord with its upright and 
downright architectural formation." (Simms.) 

Long, lean, bony people are noted for their usefulness, 
unselfishness, integrity, and generally for mechanical ability. 
Bony people, with a fair proportion of the Muscular system 
in combination, make the best mechanics in the world; 
length facilitates activity, while muscle, combined with a 
large bony structure, gives the power essential to mechan- 
ical construction. 

This system is included in the Architectural division of the 
face and body, and has for its assistance the muscular 
powers. These two systems combine and include most of 
the principles of natural forces, as has been shown. Now, 
persons in whom this combination is largely developed will 
not only have the power to become good mechanics and art- 
ists, but will be able to build up and perpetuate a fine race 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 53 

of children, if proper attention be given to combinations with 
suitable conformations, added to righteous regard for hygienic 
and sanitary laws. It will be perceived, from this analysis 
and illustration of the Bony system, that the human organ- 
ism is dependent upon an excess of bone development for all 
those attributes which go to form stability, integrity, as well 
as architectural and mechanical ability. These principles 
lie at the very foundation of physiology, anatomy, human 
greatness, moral goodness, government, and society; and in 
every age, country, or community noted for its justice, pro- 
bity, and true civilization, there will be found, upon examina- 
tion, a majority of its people built upon this conformation 
and possessed of mechanical powers. 

In selecting trades for young people, due attention should 
be paid to this principle of Nature. A neglect of its appli- 
cation would result in failure; and one reason why we some- 
times find poor mechanics is that they have mistaken their 
vocation, and chosen a pursuit to which their conformation 
was unsuited. 

The signs of the bony form predominant are found all over 
the individual — in the large joints of the hands, fingers, 
wrists, arms, and legs. The projection downward of the 
lower jaw, forehead projecting over the eyes, the high, bony 
nose, are all evidences of a conscientious and morally inclined 
character; indeed, the Bony system may be depended upon 
for moral conduct. The large development of bone shows 
that the fluid circulation has done its work in a thorough 
manner, and has conveyed all the materials needed in bone- 
making to their several destinations, in just the right propor- 
tions, thus giving soundness to the whole framework. Size 
and Form, Physical Order, and Calculation are some of the 
prominent faculties in this system, as well as Veneration and 
Executiveness. Conscientiousness is seen all over the indi- 
vidual in whom the Bony system predominates over all the 
other systems. The list of faculties in the Architectural 
division are as follows: Secretiveness, Force, Kesistance, 
Hope, Cautiousness, Imitation, Analysis, Ideality, Sublim- 



54 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Ven- 
eration, Self-will, Executiveness, Credenciveness, Observa- 
tion, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, 
Calculation, Locality, Music, Language. Some of these 
faculties are derived from the functional action of the heart 
and lungs; others from the power of the muscles and bones; 
Hope is related to the liver; Veneration, to the stomach. 
Every faculty depends upon some organ or system of func- 
tions for the power to exhibit its peculiar mode of activity. 
This page concludes the description of the Architectural 
division of the face and faculties. The term "architectural" 
is used in its broadest and most comprehensive sense. What- 
ever exists has a form — is built; not a particle of any sort 
whatsoever is found without foim and without combination 
with some acid, gas, ether, or solid substance; thus it is 
architectural. In works of art, the same principle applies; 
in dramatic composition, in works of liction, and in the ser- 
mons of the preacher, the same mechanical constructive element 
prevails. Constructiveness is the basis upon which all de- 
pend, and wherever we look — whether into the world of 
material organization, the universe of forms, or into the 
world of thought — the same formative or architectural law 
governs and controls. 

THE BEAIN OE NEEVOUS SYSTEM. 

One of the best evidences of a developed race is found in 
its manifestation of high mathematical powers. The unper- 
fected races of the world, among whom I may mention the 
South Sea Islanders, many African tribes, and the Esqui- 
maux, have so little ability, in this direction as not to be 
able to calculate or comprehend anything beyond the number 
of their fingers and toes. I think that man's superiority 
over the brute creation is more marked in this respect than 
in the matter of simple reason, which attribute many deny to 
the animal kingdom, although the power of reasoning, to a 
large extent, is proved by modern naturalists to hold a place 
in the mentality of the higher races of animals. 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 



55 




HERBERT SPENCER. 



The faculties of reason 
— Causality and Compar- 
ison — endow man with 
the gift of abstract math- 
ematical ratiocination; in 
this respect he is, per- 
haps, more distinguished 
from the brutes than in 
any other manner, with 
the exception of the fac-* 
ulty of Speech, although 
this is possessed by the 
parrot; but in this in- 
stance, speech proceeds 
from a suitable formation 
of the vocal organs and a 
good development of the 
faculty of Imitation, and 
is not accompanied with a corresponding degree of sense or 
sensibility. This might serve as a lesson to those persons 
who ascribe to the human race "divinity," and to the lower 
animals none. When we find the lower animals endowed 
with a fine degree of reason, as in the horse, dog, and ele- 
phant; and some mathematical ability or sense, as in these 
same creatures and in "learned pigs," who are taught to 
count and reckon ; when we find human speech in the parrot, 
I think the self-love and vainglory of Man may as well give 
way, and allow to these, our "blood relations," as Haeckel 
terms them, a fair share of divinity. We ought to be thank- 
ful to the Creator, who, in His w r isdom, has chosen these 
humble instruments to serve as a means of teaching us 
whence we sprung and from whom we originated. 

The Brain system is the. highest and last in the progressive 
development of the human race. Its physiognomical mani- 
festation is shown by breadth, fullness, and height of the 
forehead. The annexed portrait of Herbert Spencer gives a 
epresentation of its shape and position in the physiognomy. 



56 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

You will observe that the brain and nerves form one sys- 
tem and belong to the Mathematical division, and its work is 
performed by these two forces, which are really one force, 
but usually considered two on account of the difference in 
locality, the substance which composes the nervous system 
being identical with the brain matter. Those in whom this 
system predominates are noted for their intensity of thought 
and feeling, refinement, mental acumen, memory, desire for 
learning, pure and virtuous desires, great physical activity, 
sharp features, rather small nose, thin nostrils and lips, face 
of a pyriform shape, small bones and muscles, slim build, 
too apt to overdo and exhaust the vital forces. Many of our 
most brilliant thinkers have possessed this system. Many, 
not having a due proportion of the other systems, have died 
young. This conformation large, in combination with the 
Bony and Vegetative systems harmoniously blended, has 
produced many powerful intellects. Samuel Johnson, Ark- 
wright, Gibbon, Dumas, Buckle, Hume, Benjamin Franklin, 
William Penn, Handel, and many others, were thus endowed 
and were noted for their thought and industry. Individuals 
in whom the Brain system has the ascendancy are liable to 
dyspepsia, nervous exhaustion, and irritability, apt to be 
fussy and exacting in small things, and desire to exhibit taste 
in all their surroundings. The faculties originating from 
this function are Causality. Comparison, Time, and Intuition. 
The reader will doubtless say, upon observing the relatively 
small noses of persons in whom the Brain system prepon- 
derates, that the law laid down in the chapter on sub-basic 
principles is inconsistent and cannot be harmonized with the 
facts observed. Let us examine the evidence in this case. 
The law states that "the size of the nose, controlled by qual- 
ity, is the measure of power." Now, if quality were not 
must potent in deciding power, the noses of the most gifted 
persons would have to be enormous in order to show the 
poiver of the traits whose signs are located in the nose — par- 
ticularly about the tip of the nose, where so many signs are 
placed. As the human mind and body rise from the Yegeta- 



THE FIVE SYSTEMS OF FUNCTIONS. 57 

tive system up and through the several higher systems of 
functions and faculties, the size of the nose decreases (rela- 
tively) with the increase of quality; yet, where a large nose 
coexists with fine quality, a first-class intellect in some direc- 
tion is indicated. The peculiar characteristics must be 
decided by the shape or form of this member. The fact is, 
very gifted persons make up in quality what they lack in 
quantity or size, and thus the nose is able to indicate many 
beautiful traits in a small space. 

The intelligence of low animal organisms is exhibited by 
the nervous system which they possess, be it simple or com- 
plex. As these organisms rise higher in the scale of pro- 
gression, a simple brain is formed. This, in course of evo- 
lution, rises in the grade of intelligence and assumes many 
diverse forms, until a more complex brain is evolved, such as 
we find in civilized man. Until the brain appears, all knowl- 
edge of the outer world comes to the lower organisms by the 
sense of touch mainly. This progress from the simple to the 
complex epitomizes the different ascending grades of intelli- 
gence in man. The lowest form is found with the purely 
Yegetative system. Eising a little, the Thoracic lends its aid, 
by the simple fact of a greater degree of oxygenation of the 
blood, and by increased power of the heart portal and circu- 
latory systems. Next in the grade of increased usefulness 
we find the Muscular system bringing a rich endowment of 
functions and faculties; also, of greater procreative power, 
for wherever we find a large development of the muscular 
and fibroid systems, the ability for 'procreation and creative 
effort is augmented. This is the law right along the line of 
progressive growth : The more physical functions, the more 
mental faculties. Following this natural order, we next find 
the bones, formed chiefly by the action of the sun, although 
food and water contribute their quota. This Osseous devel- 
opment gives mechanical and inventive powers, either in man 
or animal. Last of all, the more perfected Brain system 
makes its appearance, together with a more complex arrange- 
ment of the nervous system. This produces greater activity 
5 



58 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of thought and reason, and consequently of mathematical 
power. How any one can study the human physiognomy 
scientifically, and not find therein the proof of the evolution 
of the world — of the animal and human races — passes my 
comprehension. It is a " revelation," a " gospel," and a 
"religion" all combined, 

The three divisions of the face represent, also, the three 
ages of man's existence — infancy, middle life, and old age. 
They also illustrate, in the manner of their unfolding, the 
methods of Nature in evolving a race. The features in in- 
fancy are like the lower types of men, flat and almost ex- 
pressionless; in middle life, the central division comes into 
full expression and activity; later, after the mind has been 
strengthened and stored with fact, fancy, and practicality, 
pure reason asserts its dominance by enlargement of the 
cerebrum, until old age comes on apace and dissolution en- 
sues, typifying the decay and death alike of man, of races, 
of nations, and of the world. 



CHAPTER IT. 

LOCALITIES AND DESCEIPTION OF SIGNS IN THE FACE. 

" Eacial history, ancestral characteristics, personal aspirations, passions, and 
exploits become part of each living soul, and are portrayed distinctly on the outward 
form, and more especially on the most discernible portion — the countenance." 

— Db. J. SIMMS. 

The form of the human body is only one of the many 
indications of human character. The voice, the walk, gest- 
ure, attitude, handwriting, and hand shaking are all indices 
and exponents of traits, as well as of physical and mental 
conditions. A skillful and observant person can tell much 
by the hand or foot alone; by the eye, very many things are 
indicated; the nose reveals much of the mind and interior of 
the body; in short, each feature has in it many meanings. 
In the pages which immediately follow this, the way to dis- 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 59 

cern and locate the signs of the various faculties will be 
explained. 

The use, primarily, of all the functions and faculties is 
for the preservation, protection, and perpetuation of the 
species. Other faculties and powers have aggregated by use 
and attempts in higher directions. Practice increases capac- 
ity. There is no doubt that the human mind is gradually 
acquiring more faculties by striving after higher knowledge. 
These, undoubtedly, will be evolved in the regular order of 
progress, from the lower to the higher. The present age is 
expanding and strengthening the higher powers of the mind; 
reason is more general among the civilized races than in any 
previous era. As a consequence, superstition is giving way 
to positive scientific truth and demonstration, and theories 
unsustained by reason and fact are impeached and rejected. 

As the powers of the mind expand, we become cognizant 
of facts in Nature which lower developments failed to per- 
ceive and could not penetrate. We are gradually, but slowly, 
becoming acquainted with the world we live in, and things 
which have seemed to be the work of supernatural powers 
are now so well understood as to come within the compre- 
hension of school children, and can no longer be used to 
pander to the ambitions, vices, or designs of wicked kings, 
crafty priests, or unscrupulous politicians. Among the most 
important discoveries, I may mention the science of Physi- 
ognomy, which is destined to play an important part in the 
civilization of the world, by unveiling what has been so long 
a mystery to man; viz., Man himself. 

Physiognomical sensation, as Lavater designated the innate 
and intuitive conception of character, is common both to 
men and animals. A dog will show by his actions that he 
understands character, and will be instinctively attracted to 
those who love his kind. Babes, who are yet in the stage of 
animal instinct, will attach themselves at sight to those who 
are fond of children. Men, in looking at the faces of others, 
will be drawn in confidence or repelled by something in the 
countenance which they cannot define or locate exactly. 



60 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

They say of one, " He is a good, square man;" or, "He is a 
sneak and coward — I can tell it by his face;" and yet, if 
you ask them to point out the precise places where they 
discover these traits, they cannot tell you where they are to 
be found. 

The possession of this physiognomical instinct is general, 
and shows not only that the face is understood to be for 
some other purpose than to place the eyes, nose, and mouth 
conveniently, but instinct and intuition as well point to it as 
the natural record of the body and mind — of the real Man 
himself. The nerves of sensation ramify upon the face and 
front of the organism, while the motory nerves are at the back 
of the brain. This disposition of the nerve forces would cause 
the face not only to exhibit more of the character than any 
other portion of the body, but would prove the fact that the 
greater the development of the features of the face, the 
greater its power for receiving sensation; thus exhibiting 
more gifted characters than where the features are small and 
undeveloped. All human nature attests this fact, and shows 
that the more varied are the features — the more depressions 
and elevations there are in the face — the greater the variety 
of character is exhibited. A smooth, small featured, un- 
wrinkled face always discloses a small, unemotional, unthink- 
ing, and selfish character, of very small capacities. A man's 
real character is spread all over him. His voice and walk 
agree with the shape of his body, and reveal his mentality to 
a degree; but the face sums up the whole Man. 

As I have before shown that certain powers are derived 
from the predominance of certain conformations of the or- 
ganism, and are always found accompanying them, it is log- 
ical to infer that determinate portions of the body sustain and 
are related to certain faculties of the mind. Upon investigation, 
it will be proved that the face is the exact register of all 
mental faculties and bodily functions and conditions. A 
keen analysis and comparison of the development of the 
organs of the body with the action of the faculties, emotions, 
and sentiments, will show that the organs of the viscera — the 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



61 



kidneys, the reproductive system, the liver, the intestines, 
the heart and lungs — as well as the bones and muscles, sustain 
and are directly related to certain mental faculties. All 
mental faculties have their physical bases, from which the 
mind is able to produce thought, emotion, or will. This 
interaction of the mental and physical powers will be ex- 
plained as we proceed. The locality of signs in the face will 
here be given. The rationale of the order of their arrange- 
ment will be made apparent as the reader progresses. 



CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 




SIB ISAAC NEWTON. (Conscientiousness.) 

Conscientiousness is largely represented in the face of this eminent astronomer 
and scientist, and assisted him in comprehending those truths and laws of Nature 
which he had discovered. 



Rectitude of character is known in the face by that width 
of chin which is produced by the development or width of 
the inferior maxillary, or lower jawbone, and by a general 
squareness of all the bones and straightness of the face; also, 



62 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

by the manner in which the eyes are placed in their orbits. 
Eyes which turn far downward at the upper and outer cor- 
ners are not truthful eyes. Those which are almond-shaped 
or cat-like, and turn upward at the outer corners, are crafty 
and deceitful, as seen often in the Mongolian race. Indeed, 
any eye off the straight line varies in truthful signification, 
according to the amount of its deflection from a straight line, 
running all the way from amiability through the various 
degrees of plausibility, duplicity, deception, secretiveness, 
craft, cunning, lying, and cruelty; all of which are shown by 
the shape of the eye which deviates from a straight line, 
either above or below the line. Where the outer corners of 
the eye turn upward, the indications are like those of the 
same shape in the lion, tiger, fox; and like traits will be 
exhibited — cruelty and craft, deceit and cunning. But where 
the outer corner turns downward slightly, agreeability of 
speech is always found; indeed, persons possessed of this 
sign would rather tell a pleasant untruth than be the bearers 
of harsh or unpleasant tidings. Still farther turned down- 
ward, they are plausible and persuasive, and make good 
salesmen and politicians. Benjamin F. Butler's eyes are 
more marked in this respect than the eyes of any celebrated 
man that has come under my observation. 

As Conscientiousness gives moral courage, it is the base 
of many heroic acts, and will often lead even delicate women 
to deeds of daring for principle's sake, and to protect the 
helpless. Joan of Arc and Charlotte Corday are examples 
of the former; and Mrs. Patten, the wife of Captain Patten, 
the lady who navigated the ship " Neptune's Car" from 
Bombay to Boston, while her husband lay delirious in his 
berth, is an instance of the latter. This lady nursed her 
husband, navigated his ship, and suppressed a mutiny with 
the assistance of part of the crew, and carried the ship safely 
into Boston Harbor, a few years since. This woman was a 
small, delicate person, and gave birth to a son a few months 
after this occurrence. Her portrait shows that Conscien- 
tiousness was one of her leading traits. Such women are 
the mothers of heroes. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 63 

This faculty is large in the faces of North American In- 
dians, who kill and slay from a sense of justice (knowing 
themselves wronged by a Christian government), and not, as 
many think, from a love of slaughter. Under an equitable 
system of dealing, they have ever proved true; notably in 
their transactions with the Quakers under William Penn, 
who always made just and satisfactory terms with the In- 
dians, and then kept his agreements rigidly. 

This faculty in excess leads to severity and exaction in 
moral conduct and life. The pioneers in all departments of 
advanced thought, in governmental and moral reforms, have 
possessed this faculty largely. The faces of Franklin, Jef- 
ferson, Jackson, Washington, Paine, John Bright, Cobden, 
Wm. Cobbett, William Lloyd Garrison, Abby Kelly Foster, 
Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, and all who have dared to 
demand the abolition of unjust laws, and who have contended 
for the establishment of new forms of government based on 
human rights, evidence by their physiognomies that Con- 
scientiousness fills a large part of their natures. 

Conscientiousness is found most largely developed where 
the Bony system predominates; and, as liquids do not affin- 
itize as well with this system as with the Yegetative and the 
Muscular, there is, consequently, less drunkenness among 
persons of the Bony structure predominant. Many leaders 
of the temperance movement will be found to possess the 
Bony system predominant. Those who have been great 
drunkards and have reformed, like Gough and Murphy, the 
leader of the "Murphy movement," are men of muscular 
build, and are held to their pledges through their religious 
associations, and do not depend upon pure Conscientiousness, 
which is found most active with persons of the Bony system. 

Conscientiousness is in the domestic group, and does not 
belong to the religious group of faculties. It antedates them 
in the evolution of organs, functions, and faculties, and is of 
far more importance in the human organism, being primarily 
for the protection of the purity of the entire body. Con- 
scientiousness is related to the kidney system, which both 



64 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



secretes and excretes the fluid waste and impurities of the 
entire body. As seventy-five per cent, of the organism is 
water, the physiological importance of the organ must be 
apparent at first glance; its moral importance follows as a 
matter of logical sequence. The relation of the various 
organs of the body to the moral and social faculties is ex- 
plained fully in the chapter on "The Eationale of Physical 
Functions and their Signs in the Face." 



FIEMNESS. 




ANNA DICKINSON. (Firmness.) 
The portrait of Anna Dickinson exhibits this faculty in a marked manner. She 
is noted for her perseverance under great difficulties. She is also a celebrated orator 
and writer. In her youth she was a poor working-girl, but with the aid of this fac- 
ulty has achieved eminence and distinction. 

This faculty, shown by length of the lower jaw, evinces 
great tenacity of purpose, stability, perseverance, and deci- 






THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 65 

sion. A retreating chin shows a lack of all these qualities. 
Firmness is an attribute only of developed races and indi- 
viduals; man is the only being endowed with a chin. All of 
the undeveloped races of men have narrow, retreating chins 
and depressed noses. (Observe the faces of the New Zea- 
landers.) The length of the chin is one of the facial indica- 
tions of the Bony structure, and, in combination with Con- 
scientiousness (width of chin), is the base of the heroic. 
Indeed, this faculty (Conscientiousness) is the primal cause 
of moral action; true heroism could spring from no other 
motive. It also gives the power for fidelity to principle, 
truth, and justice. The chin is the seat of heroic character, 
which depends upon the firm and substantial nature of bone 
for its sustenance. 

A certain writer on Physiognomy — Eedfield — has given the 
chin as the locality of the signs of Love. He certainly could 
not have considered the nature of bone in this connection. 
"We do not love with our bones. Love signs are found pre- 
dominating in those who are the most emotional and im- 
pressible. Muscle and fat are more easily acted upon than 
bone, and the physiognomical signs of Love will be found 
in the muscles of the face, just as Love is found more largely 
developed in muscular organisms. 

Bone shows more of integrity; muscle, more of the affec- 
tional nature. Length of chin indicates perseverance and 
calm, firm, persistent action, rather than what is called will- 
power, which exhibits itself in sudden bursts of violent 
temper. This distinction must be thoroughly understood. 
The nature of bone, like that of rock, offers a steady resist- 
ance and pressure, and large Firmness is the result of a large 
development of the Bony system. Muscle has a reactive 
quality, and will-power is based on and operated by muscular 
action purely. 

The physiognomy of Miss Anna Dickinson admirably il- 
lustrates the faculty of Firmness. She has pursued the 
career which she marked out with a firm and unyielding 
determination. It is not singular that success should crown 



M 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



her efforts; she stands to-day pre-eminent among the women 
of the age, in mentality, in moral and intellectual power, and 
in works of humanity. The scientific physiognomist knows 
well how much she is indebted to a good, honest Bony sys- 
tem for her power. Had she possessed an organism com- 
posed of soft, fat, flabby material, she would never have been 
heard of outside of the kitchen and dining-room, the favorite 
resorts of this description of persons. 



DIGESTION, OE ALIMENTIYENESS. 




ALEXANDRE DUMAS. (Alimentiveness.) 
The facial expression of Alexandre Dumas, the novelist, illustrates the function 
of Digestion, or Alimentiveness. To an active brain, he added large assimilative 
capacity. This enabled him to perform very arduous mental labors. His writings 
are extensive ; his capacity for both solid and liquid foods was enormous. 

The mouth being the entrance to that chemical laboratory, 
the stomach, large size would disclose great appetite and 
power for digestion. Fullness of the lower part of the cheeks 
is another sign of good digestive power, for if the food as- 
similate with the juices of the stomach, liver, and pancreas, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



67 



the lower part of the cheek will indicate this condition. 
Large development of the parotid or salivary glands, just in 
front of the ears, is another proof of assimilative power. 
When this gland is well developed, a soft, cushion-like pro- 
tuberance will be observed directly in front of and below 
the opening of the ear. It is usually large in outdoor labor- 
ers, seamen, farmers, and all who eat heartily and digest 
well. 



BENEVOLENCE— GENEBOSITY— SYMPATHY. 




WILBEKEOKCE. (Benevolence.) 

The picture of Wilberforce, the great philanthropist, illustrates this faculty" in 
every particular. He was instrumental in abolishing the slave trade of the English 
colonies, and imperiled his position in a courageous protest against the unchristian 
mode of life practiced by the middle and upper classes of England. Died 1833 ; was 
buried in Westminster Abbey. 

The full, rolling under lip is a sure sign of these faculties; 
it depends on the faculties in combination which of these 
forms will exhibit itself. I have known one with this indi- 



68 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

cation large, but with small Friendship, so destitute of sym- 
pathy as to leave the sick uncared for, yet loved to give 
money and presents, apparently for the sake of giving, just 
to please himself. In others, especially in combination with 
Friendship, it takes the form of active sympathy. In con- 
junction with Conscientiousness and good reasoning facul- 
ties, it shows true benevolence or philanthropy. It depends 
entirely upon the faculties in combination with it as to the 
particular way in which it will outwork. The philanthropic 
phase of this faculty is seen in the portraits of Elizabeth 
Fry, John Howard, George Peabody, and Peter Cooper. In 
all of these persons, Reason and Conscientiousness, com- 
bined with a broad understanding, induced a desire to benefit 
large numbers of their fellow-beings in one broad plan or 
scheme of benevolence. The lower lip of stingy, close, 
miserly people is usually very thin and dry. All the noted 
misers whose portraits I have observed have this peculiarity. 
Abraham Lincoln's portrait illustrates the faculty of Benev- 
olence thoroughly. His life-work is the proof of his facial 
record. The action of this faculty and function is derived 
from the glandular system. 



AMATIYENESS. 



This faculty is directly related to the reproductive system. 
Its principal facial physical sign is found in the lip. The 
middle of the upper lip, if very thick and red, is indicative 
of large passional and reproductive powers. Another sign 
of Love is found in the eyes; the larger and fuller the eye, 
the greater the devolpment of the love-nature. I have found 
that the fullness and size of the eye is more significant of 
the sentiment of Love; the development and color of the lip 
shows its physical power and activity merely. Small eyes 
evince much less amative power than large ones, and are 
often accompanied by a thin, white upper lip. The shape of 
the eye is potential in disclosing the kind of Love the indi- 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



69 




N. GOODWIN, COMEDIAN. (Amativeness.) 
Mr. Goodwin's countenance is a fine exposition of the faculty of Amativeness. 
He is very original and creative in his efforts as an actor. The Glandular and 
Muscular systems, from which Amativeness is evolved, assist in creative art. He has 
a fine endowment of these systems, as have .all artistic persons who excel. 

vidual is endowed with. The round eye, like that of the 
dove, is an unfailing sign of large mating ability, of faithful 
conjugal attachment, love for one only. In some instances, 
it is so marked as to prevent the individual from ever form- 
ing but one attachment for the opposite sex in a life-time. 
The thick upper lip and full eye are also indices of muscular 
power. Eyes the commissures (or openings) of which are 
almond-shaped prove promiscuous love. For these facts in 
regard to the form and size of the eye I am indebted to the 
renowned Physiognomist, Dr. J. Simms. The eye is signifi- 
cant of many other characteristics which will be treated of 
in their proper places. 



LOVE OF CHILDBEN AND ANIMALS. 

Love of offspring and of the young of the animal kingdom 
are traits which are seldom seen separated. The most prom- 



70 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 




EKIEDEKICH FBOEBEL. (Love of Young.) 

The founder of the Kindergarten system of education possessed a wonderfully 
intuitional comprehension of child-nature. His system is in accord with the natural 
development of the human mind, commencing with the mechanical and artistic fac- 
ulties and followed by the use and development of the reasoning powers. His love 
of children and mirthfulness, his ingenuity in contriving plays and methods, and, 
above all, his insight into child-nature, rank him among the first educators of the 
world. 



inent sign is found on either side of Amativeness, causing 
the outer corners of the upper lip to droop and form a slight 
scallop. Where this faculty is large we observe the forma- 
tion of a "Cupid's bow" in the contour of the upper lip. 
This sign is very marked in dogs, horses, and cows. It is 
so large in these creatures that the outer sides of the upper 
lip project downward over the under lip. Their love of young- 
is intense. In horses and dogs this feeling extends to the 
young of the human species. Many dogs, which are fero- 
cious to all adults, have been known to caress and treat with 
kindness young children. The development of the mammary 
glands is an unfailing sign of this sentiment. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 

MIKTHFULNESS. 



71 




ELIZA COOK. (MlBTHFULNESS.) 

This happy, mirthful, hopeful countenance of the author of "The Old Arm 
Chair," and many other lovely poems, portrays in every lineament the dominance of 
the fun-loving and fun-making propensity. Love of young and hopefulness are also 
very decided traits. 

Mirthfulness always accompanies large Love of Children, 
and its sign adjoins the latter. The harmony of Nature 
is exemplified in a wonderful manner in the grouping and 
associating of faculties. Mirthfulness is essential to the 
love, care, and companionship of children, in order to attract 
their love and company and to amuse and entertain them, 
and in the face its principal local sign adjoins that of Love 
of Young. The sign for this faculty lies just outward from 
the corners of the mouth, next to Love of Children, and be- 
tween that faculty and Approbativeness. It is shown by 
several small vertical wrinkles in the muscles at this point, 



72 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY 



and also by the corners of the mouth turning upward, and 
by a merry, pleasant expression of the eye, as well as by 
several straight wrinkles running outward from the corners 
of the eye. This last sign is seen only in adults. A gloomy 
and sad disposition is never found with Love of Children, 
and when we observe the sign for Mirthfulness in a face we 
naturally look for Love of Children and Animals. When 
Nature creates a faculty, such as Love of Children, Love of 
Music or Art, the faculties needed for its expression in some 
form or other are provided and work in harmony with it. 
Under this law of Nature it is safe to predicate, from seeing 
certain signs in the face, that certain other faculties are pres- 
ent. The origin of Mirthfulness is glandular. 



APPROBATIVENESS. 




CARL LINN^US. (Appkobativeness.) 
This eminent Swedish naturalist, noted for his contributions to Botany, died in 
1778. He was very susceptible to praise and flattery, and very approbative of the 
efforts of others. His physiognomy is quite marked in this direction. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 73 

This is the faculty which gives rise to love of commenda- 
tion and praise, and which also makes one sensitive to the 
speech and opinion of others. It causes individuals to be 
ambitious and to desire to excel, that they may be praised 
and well thought of. It is distinguished from the faculty of 
Self-esteem in that it seeks the good opinion of others, and 
cares more for the applause of the world than for the appro- 
val of self. Its action is often mistaken for that of Self- 
esteem by superficial readers of character. Approbativeness 
is found larger in actors, artists, and singers than in other 
classes. It is essential to the success of these people; the 
approval of their audience is the spur and incentive to still 
greater efforts. It is also large in those who are fond of fash- 
ionable life, who love display and make great exertions to 
"keep up appearances." This trait leads public men to de- 
sire popularity, praise, and attention; and, in excess, makes 
"shoddy aristocrats" of those who ought to be proud of 
being American citizens, who should be content to be classed 
among the "plain people," as the good Abraham Lincoln 
named the laboring masses. Approbativeness is the incen- 
tive to many great and noble deeds. It inspires the orator, 
artist, and actor with the desire to win fame by the excel- 
lence of their achievements. It is a very useful faculty where 
it is possessed in a balanced degree. "Unbalanced, it pro- 
duces excess of vanity, foolish love of display, and an undue 
dependence on the opinions of others, thus taking away all 
true dignity and independence of thought and action. The 
location of the sign for Approbativeness adjoins Mirthf ill- 
ness in a straight line outward from it, and often produces 
dimples at this point. It is shown in others by two or three 
deep vertical wrinkles at the same place. Where this faculty 
is uncommonly large these wrinkles are permanent; in others 
they are observed while the face is animated, as in smiling 
or in conversation. Approbativeness originates in the gland- 
ular system. 
6 



4 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

FRIENDSHIP. 



ELIZABETH FRY. (Friendship.) 

The physiognomy of Elizabeth Fry, the prisoner's friend, shows in every feature 
the friendliness, philanthropy, and nobility which characterized her life. Her en- 
deavors to mitigate the horrors of prison life, and to lessen the sufferings of the 
insane, are historical. Her idea of woman's sphere was bounded by the sphere of 
human suffering. No one can gaze upon this face without venerating it. 



Friendship is the faculty which gives love of associating 
with friends, society, and congenial spirits. The physiog- 
nomical signs of Friendship are known by a fullness of the 
upper part of the cheek, over and below the malar bone. 
The cheeks, both in the upper and lower parts, seem to be 
nourished by the action of the bowel system. The rationale 
of friendship is that it primarily seeks the bodily comfort of 
the objects of its affection; it sets before them food and drink 
and all creature comforts. In its sentimental aspect it shows 
more in love of association, in presents, and in delicate atten- 
tions. Its excess often produces a silly, gushing demeanor. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 

SELF-ESTEEM. 



75 




CHARLES BRADIAUGH. (Self-esteem.) 

Self-esteem very large. Charles Bradlaugh, Member of Parliament, author, 
editor, and orator, is noted for his determined stand in advocating the right to free- 
dom of conscience. His firm belief in his own powers assists materially his reform- 
atory efforts. 

This faculty gives the power for self-appreciatioD, true 
pride of character, independence, and self-control. It is one 
of the noblest faculties, proving often a " tower of strength" 
to its possessor. It lends dignity and decorum to the de- 
meanor. Those possessing a large degree of Self-esteem are 
never undignified, even in their amusements, but will be 
guided by a strong sense of propriety upon all occasions. 
Self-esteem is more common to northern characters than to 
the inhabitants of the tropics. It is found large in the coun- 
tenances of the Scotch, EDglish, and New Englanders. Rel- 
ative length of the upper lip is the physiognomical sign for 
this faculty, and this indication is always accompanied by a 
straight, erect carriage of the body and head. The faces of 



76 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



Washington, Sir Walter Scott, Admiral Farragut, Herbert 
Spencer, and John G. Whittier, all well known to tbe public, 
have the sign of Self-esteem large. Where this faculty is 
found in a balanced degree, there is much in the character 
to esteem and admire. The more tbe reader investigates 
the human mind scientifically the more he w T ill be convinced 
that Nature works intelligently, and never places a faculty, 
or sign for a faculty, in an organism without a use and mean- 
ing. An excessive development of this faculty leads to ego- 
tism and a feeling of importance; makes its possessor very 
grave and ludicrously dignified; he sets great weight upon 
his opinions and desires to be treated with marked respect 
and consideration. The sober faces of some baboons, .who 
have an extremely long upper lip, aie quite amusing in their 
gravity, while their actions are anything but dignified. 



MODESTY. 




SIB WALTEK SCOTT. (Modesty.) 
Sir Walter Scott inherited, with his great talent, an exceedingly delicate and sensi- 
tive organism. His uncommon modesty is remarked by his biographers. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 77 

Modesty is found in those who possess an uncommon sense 
of purity of thought and action. One of the most promi- 
nent signs of Modesty is the channel-like groove running down 
the centre of the upper lip, from the septum of the nose to 
the extreme end of the lip, where it terminates in the sign 
for Amativeness; it is most developed where the depression 
is well marked. This faculty is found large in all those in 
whom the Brain and Nerve system predominates, whether this 
sign he present or not. The Brain system always gives a more 
elevated cast of thought than the other systems. As its posi- 
tion indicates it to be the highest in the organism, it will be 
found to produce the purest and loftiest sentiments and emo- 
tions. It is the system of quality and fineness; hence, fine 
hair and skin are also signs of purity, modesty, and love of 
cleanliness and neatness. The faces of Charlotte Bronte, 
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Beranger, the 
French poet, and Lavater, are well marked in this respect. 



All of the foregoing faculties and signs of character are 
included in the Chemical, or underlying division of the or- 
ganism, and are mainly dependent for their activity on the 
quantity and quality of the juices secreted and fibres and 
tissues supplied by the several organs which compose the 
systems from which their powers are obtained. After the 
full and explicit exposition which I have made of the nature 
and action of these functions and faculties, it would seem 
superfluous to call attention to the fact that, if a moral, up- 
right, healthful, and happy life is desired, all of the physical 
organs in this division must be used with a conscientious 
regard for their care and preservation, for on them depends 
mainly our power for usefulness and morality; and any sys- 
tem of ethics which ignores this as a fundamental principle 
will save neither mind, soul, nor body, here or hereafter. 

In localizing the signs of the faculties, Phrenology was 
obliged to encroach upon the domain of Physiognomy; and 
yet, after having accepted and taught the fact that the face 



78 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

indicates character, by localizing the "perceptives" and "re- 
flectives " in the upper part of the face, one of its expound- 
ers, Dr. Grimes, says: " After having studied Physiognomy 
for many years, I confess that little can be known by the face 
alone;" while another, O. S. Fowler, states his belief in 
Physiognomy, and hopes that a system of this science will 
some day be discovered. Mr. Fowler says, further: "The 
mind and face are inter-related; all the mental operations 
shine out through the human face divine. Highly emotional 
persons manifest themselves more emphatically and distinctly 
by their countenances than words. Peculiar shades of feel- 
ing and existing thoughts and desires are expressed and can 
be read in this 'mirror of the mind' better than words can 
possibly portray them, and without the possibility of decep- 
tion in the one read or reading, and without instruction by 
either. And, since some can be thus read, all can, of course. 
Indeed, facial expression is by far the best medium known to 
man." 

In giving the locality of the signs of the faculties com- 
prised in the Architectural division of the face, you will 
find that there are several which phrenologists classify as 
" perceptives" located, in this scheme of Physiognomy, 
in the same places which Phrenology has set for them. My 
theory of their origin and action, however, is entirely differ- 
ent to that set up by the phrenologists. They discerned and 
located many local signs of character, situated in the upper 
part of the face, which scientific Physiognomy endorses as 
to their locality and meanings, but utterly repudiates the 
idea that they derive their power from the brain alone. 
These signs are indications of the conformation of the Bony 
structure; as, for example, in the signs for Size and Form. 
These are illustrated by width of the Bony structure, and not 
by any "organ" of the cerebral substance. Others located 
in this region are caused by the Muscular system; as, for 
example, Language and Locality. The theories of the phre- 
nologists are wrong, while their observations, in some in- 
stances, are correct. They make their best tests, however, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 79 

in the upper part of the physiognomy . Theirs is a system of 
half truths. 

In accordance with the plan of Nature upon which this 
system is founded, Ijshall here present the signs of the fol- 
lowing faculties: Force, Secretiveness, Resistance, Cautious- 
ness, Hope, Analysis, ImitatioD, Ideality, Sublimity, Human 
Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Self- 
will, Credenciveness, Observation, Form, Size, Weight, Lo- 
cality, Color, Order, and Calculation. These faculties rep- 
resent all of the architectural, building, artistic, literary, 
arid religious powers in man. Conscientiousness is not a 
religious faculty, as many suppose, but a moral one, and is 
not found in the face in the religious group, but with the 
Chemical or Domestic division, in the very basis or begin- 
ning of the functions of life, and, no doubt, is formed while 
the germ of life is in a watery or fluid condition, as it is 
found, in the perfected human organism, to be the repre- 
sentative of the kidneys, or fluid system of the body. 



FORCE. 

The power to destroy is evidenced all through Nature by 
the size and form of human organisms. There are many 
signs for this faculty both in men and animals. Those which 
are common to both these classes consist in the predominance 
of the Muscular system, breadth of chest, width of mouth, 
wide nostrils, and an abundance of coarse hair. The facial 
signs of this faculty in man are large size of the mouth, heavy 
lower jaw, wide flat nose, high cheek bones, low forehead, 
and relative small and very wide head. Force is one of the 
most essential faculties. Its adaptation is, primarily, to the 
destruction of beasts for food, to fishiug and huntiug to ob- 
tain the means for sustenance. Without this destructive 
power humanity could not progress; as, for instance, in the 
tearing down of mountains, in excavating rocks, and in all 
the operations essential to the progressive development of 
the country, all of which involve destruction before the 



80 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 




DEAF BURKE, CHAMPION OF THE ENGLISH PRIZE -PINO. (Foece ) 

process of building can be commenced. Its excess leads to 
severity, useless destruction, revenge, violence, and murder. 



SECEETIVENESS. 



Secretiveness may be recognized by compressed and thin 
lips, and small mouth if the lips are thin. There are other 
signs of this trait: small eyes, shy and sly glances of the 
eyes, looking downward and out of the corners of the eyes, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



81 



and loDg eyelashes, all indicate different degrees of secretive 
inclinations. Broad, flat nostrils are still other signs of 
secrecy. This sign is common to negroes and all undevel- 
oped races. As the large eye and large mouth are evidential 
of volume of language, so the converse of this will show a 
lack of linguistive desire. All orators have very large 
mouths. Secretiveness is an important faculty in the human 
organism. Without a due degree of secrecy, we could not 
be just to our friends, nor plan and manage our own affairs 
with interest to ourselves. An excess of Secretiveness causes 
slyness, cunning, deceit, falsehood, cruelty, and treachery. 
Many animals possess a large share of this quality; it is es- 
sential to the preservation of their lives, and assists them in 
gaining a subsistence. 

A well balanced mind, possessed of Conscientiousness and 
good reasoning faculties, will find little use for this faculty. 




KOBESPIEKRE. (Secretiveness.) 

Secretiveness is well illustrated in the features of the tyrant Kobespierre, who 
deluged France with the blood of his victims. He was cruel, crafty, and secretive. 
Guillotined 1794. Vindictiveness and a lack of Benevolence are noticeable in his 
countenance. His life corroborates his physiognomy. 



82 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Its operation is explained elsewhere. "When largely exhib- 
ited in Man, it denotes a great deficiency of either mechan- 
ical, moral, or intellectual capacity, and is the compensation 
Nature gives for these defects. All animals who exhibit 
great Secretiveness are deficient in power of some sort, and 
Secretiveness is, in their case, the faculty which contributes 
to their means of subsistence. This faculty is large in 
snakes, rats, opossums, foxes, hares, and all other animals 
who are weak or timid. Among men of power and capacity, 
it is never found in a marked degree; they do not need it. 
A character like George Washington's, for example, could 
maintain itself in every position of life without resort to this 
trait, because he was possessed of mental and moral re- 
sources to meet every emergency, and hence had very little 
use for cunning, craft, or deception. 



BESISTANCE. 

See portrait of Sir Charles Napier at Executiveness. 

This faculty, like all the others found in the human organ- 
ism, is difficult to designate completely by any single word 
in our language. Sometimes it shows itself by a combative 
disposition ; at others, by resisting assaults, by courage, in- 
trepidity, resolution, and thoroughness. It gives force to 
mental energies and physical prowess; it assists the preacher, 
moral reformer, and temperance lecturer to enforce their 
ideas in a vehement manner. It also is the power which, 
when perverted, gives the pugnacious and quarrelsome their 
force and combative disposition. It is indispensable to 
every character; it gives presence of mind and coolness of 
judgment in danger. There is scarcely a day of our lives in 
which we have not need to invoke its power in some form or 
other. Life is one long round of resistances. "We resist 
aggressive infringements of our natural and acquired rights; 
we resists the elements, and erect barriers to protect our- 
selves against the assaults of wild beasts; we resist the en- 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 83 

croacbments of disease, by applying the remedies with which 
Nature's great laboratory has supplied us; in short, Kesist- 
ance gives us the power to live under all circumstances. 
Without it, we could neither gain a livelihood nor retain our 
health. Its excess leads to aggression, bullying, fighting, and 
war. Some observers give, as one sign of Combativeness, 
Kesistance, or Courage, the ears standing well out from the 
head. Another sign of the aggressive phase of this faculty 
is known by shaking of the head from side to side and for- 
ward and backward, while engaged in an energetic conversa- 
tion. A short, low nose, with a high and thick pug end, is 
evidence of pugnacity. All the noted prize-fighters whose 
portraits I have observed have this description of nose, and 
a very short, thick neck, with great muscular powers gener- 
ally; but moral courage and resistance springs from an excess 
of Conscientiousness, and is a mightier force than that com- 
bativeness or resistance which proceeds from muscular de- 
velopment merely. Veneration, shown by height of the nose, 
lends to the character the ability to combat argument and 
opinions. Every faculty has its own peculiar force, or mode 
of expressing power. These different methods of showing 
force must be analyzed by the reader, else confusion will 
ensue and motives will not be comprehended fully. 



CAUTIOUSNESS. 



One of the most reliable evidences of Cautiousness is seen 
in the long nose. Its location is admirably adapted to the 
preservation of the body, presiding, as it does, over all the 
functions of digestion, and guarding the avenues of approach 
to the stomach by its keenness of scent, which soon detects 
qualities of food unsuited to the sustentation of the body. 
Short noses are not so efficient in guarding these functions 
as long ones. 

This faculty is general, and is useful in all the walks of life, 
giving forethought and carefulness, making the individual 



84 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 




EDMUND SPENSEE. (Cautiousness.) 

Cautiousness is one of the leading signs of character in the countenance of this 
portrait of Spenser, an English poet of the sixteenth century. His biographies attest 
that he was exceedingly cautious, almost to timidity. Delicacy, sensitiveness, and 
shyness are often the accompaniments of genius. 



provident, discreet, and vigilant. It is large in all those 
animals who have to depend more upon their carefulness 
than strength for their subsistence and preservation. The 
fox, rabbit, hare, and squirrel all evince a high degree of this 
trait. It is larger in women than in men. Woman's con- 
servative nature requires the exercise of its power for the 
protection of the family. Sly children are largely endowed 
with Caution. Its excess causes irresolution, melancholy, 
fear, terror, suspicion, cowardice, dementia, and suicide. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 

HOPE. 



85 




MADAME D'ARBLAY. (Hope.) 

Hope shines pre-eminent in every feature of this lovely woman. Mme. d'Arblay 
mind as hopeful as it was original. Her vivacious style, as exhibited in 
her tale of "Evelina," as well as her face, attests the presence of the faculty of Hope. 

A high development of this faculty is found large in those 
whose septum, or middle partition of the nose, projects 
downward below the alse, or sides. The part where the 
septum joins the upper lip is devoted to the sign for this 
trait, although clearness of the skin and eyes is another facial 



86 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



indication of Hope. Where this is well defined, the liver 
will be naturally active, and, if properly used, .will never be 
the subject of attacks of biliousness. Bright, wide open 
eyes, buoyant and elastic step and carriage, are also eviden- 
tial of Hope. Drooping of the corners of the mouth, with 
dull eyes, denote a lack of this faculty. 



ANALYSIS. 




CANOVA. (Analysis.) 

The local sign for Analysis is well denned in the accompanying physiognomy of 
Antonio Canova, a renowned Venitian sculptor of the eighteenth century. His anal- 
ysis of character, as illustrated in his grand and mblime classic statues, challenges 
the admiration of the world. 



x4.nalysis, as shown by this portrait, illustrates the ability 
to analyze, classify, and suggest. It is related to architect- 
ure, mechanism, literature, human nature, music, and the 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



8' 



laws of Nature generally. It endows its possessor with the 
capacity to suggest inventions, improvements in art, music, 
literature, etc. It is accompanied with a fertile, suggestive, 
criticizing mind, and is ever ready with expedients and re- 
sources. Its facial sign is known by a drooping of the sep- 
tum of the nose, just forward of and adjoining Hope. Its 
action is affected by the liver, but not in the same degree as 
is Hope. The physiognomies of La Place, Dr. John Hunter, 
Dr. Jenner, Canova, the sculptor, Sarah Siddons, actress, 
and Arkwright, inventor, all exhibit this sign well defined. 



MENTAL IMITATION. 





JOHN GREENLEAE WHITTIER. (Mental Imitation.) 

The sign for Mental Imitation is exhibited in the face of the Quaker poet, whose 
works seem to be imbued with the spirit of prophesy. They are all of an elevating 
tendency, evincing purity, sincerity, and beauty. His expressive countenance dis- 
closes all these traits, and many others as lovely. Imitation is very decided in the 
picture of Edmund Spenser, as well as in the faces of most authors. 

Mental Imitation is located just under the tip of the nose, 
and forward of Analysis, causing a drooping of this part. It 
is found much developed in the faces of all persons in the 



88 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

imitative professions — in actors of the imitative class, in 
writers of fiction, in artists, poets, and in the faces of all 
persons in private life who exhibit marked imitative power 
in any direction. This sign is as indicative of mechanical 
imitation as of mental imitation, and those who possess a fine 
endowment of this faculty have the ability to copy the posi- 
tion, walk, voice, and gesture of others. A suitable physi- 
ological construction accompanies this sign, and all who have 
a large degree of Imitation have also a fine quality of muscle, 
which enables them to adapt themselves very readily to 
changes, and adopt the habits and customs of others. The 
Irish, as a rule, are very imitative, and early adopt the cus- 
toms and habits of all countries where they find a home. 
The French are the reverse of this. 



IDEALITY— TASTE— IMAGINATION. 




SIR PETER LELY. (Ideality.) 

Sir Peter Lely's nose discloses a large degree of Ideality, or love of the beautiful- 
He is noted for his fine landscapes and portraits of Court beauties, painted in Eng- 
land in the seventeenth century. His entire organism reveals the artist. Eorm, 
Size, Color, Constructiveness, Amativeness, and Love of Young, together with Imi- 
tation and Analysis, mark their local signs upon this expressive countenance. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



89 



There is no single term in the English language which 
expresses this faculty. Those possessing it in a large degree 
evince all three of these traits. It is known by width of the 
tip of the nose, often giving it a square cut appearance. It 
is noticeable in the faces of artists, poets, sculptors, actors, 
and certain classes of the literati. In private life, all per- 
sons who exhibit good taste arid refinement have this indi- 
cation in their countenances. Sharp pointed noses show 
just the reverse of this; such features denote very matter-of- 
fact, unimaginative characters. The portraits of Edmund 
Burke, Lord Byron, Washington Irving, Corneille, Akenside, 
Mrs. H. B. Stowe, Horace Vernet, and a host of other 
writers, artists, etc., exhibit this sign of character. 



SUBLIMITY. 




SIR JOHN HEESCHEL. (Sublimity.) 
Sir John Frederick William Herschel will ever be renowned for his grand discov- 
eries in Astronomy. His sublime and far-reaching intellect recognized the inter- 
relation and correspondence of all sciences. His vivid imagination assisted, by its 
comprehension of analogy, his great efforts in discovery. The signs for Sublimity 
and Ideality are wonderfully apparent. 

7 



90 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The sign for the love and appreciation of the grand and 
sublime in Nature, art, and conduct of life lies just each side 
of and beyond Ideality, producing a full and rounded appear- 
ance of the end of the nose. It is large in those who excel in 
depicting the grand and sublime by pen, brush, or chisel. 
It is also seen in the faces of all who appreciate this quality 
in art or Nature, for faculties are both executive and appre- 
ciative. Some persons possess one form of this talent, and 
some the other, while others have both. Where this faculty 
is large, in conjunction with a good development of Acquisi- 
tiveness, it will lead its possessor to plan and execute large 
business enterprises and financial schemes. Persons who 
exhibit large Sublimity have broad and comprehensive views 
of life and of business, and never like to undertake anything 
on a small scale. They have either physical or mental power 
to carry out their plans. Jewish physiognomies have this 
sign large. 



HUMAN NATUBE. 



Human Nature is found lying between and above Ideality, 
and fills out the nose at this point. In some it produces a 
decided turning up — what the French call the nez retrousse; 
and, as it indicates a knowledge of human nature, it gives 
with this formation a piquancy, aptness, and keenness in 
conversation and repartee, caused by a ready apprehension 
of the character of the person with whom one is conversing. 
It also gives an intuitive comprehension of Physiognomy and 
of truths as they relate to the human mind and body. Noses 
which rise high above the plane of the face at the tip indicate 
a far-seeing understanding of human nature and of all nature, 
combined with a love for its study and investigation. Ex- 
amine the noses of Aristotle, Porta, Lavater, and Simms, in 
the front of the Introduction to this volume, for proof. It 
endows one with an insatiable desire to know the facts of 
Nature as they relate to Man. An individual with this fac- 
ulty large can readily become a physician and hygienist. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



91 




JOHN LOCKE. (Human Nattjke.) 

Human Nature large. John Locke, the celebrated English philosopher, is noted 
for his "Essay on the Human Understanding." It shows him to have had the ability 
to penetrate the inmost recesses of the human mind. His nose, rising high above 
the plane of the face at its tip, is a corroboration of his gift as a seer of Nature. 



Another sign of Human Nature is found in the fullness of 
the ethmoid bone at the inner corner of the eye. This, joined 
with width between the eyes (Form), shows the power to 
retain the memory of faces, forms, etc. 

Human Nature is very large in children, and some adults 
possess it in a large degree. "Where the point of the nose 
stands high up from the face, a ready apprehension of 
human nature exists. Knowledge, of human nature is the 
most essential to human happiness and welfare; hence, it 
occupies the most prominent position in the face. A good 
share of intelligence on this subject will lead to suitable 
selection for partners in marriage, and in this way it tends 
directly to race improvement. Doubtless, this is its primary 
use. The countenances of all eminent doctors, botanists, 



92 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



naturalists, philosophers, and scientists exhibit this trait. 
It is noticeable in pictures of Cicero, Hippocrates, Averroes, 
and Avicenna, among the ancients; it is large in the faces of 
Drs. Jenner and Hunter, Sir Astley Cooper, Corvisart, and 
hundreds of similar characters. 



CONSTBUCTIVENESS. 




SAMUEL F. B. MOESE. (Constructiveness.) 

The inventor of the electric telegraph was, as his nose indicates, both mechanical 
and artistic. He excelled in both directions. Boldness and originality are stamped 
upon every feature. Observation is also very marked. 

Constructiveness, or mechanical ability, is known by full- 
ness of the sides of the alae, or wings of the nose. It joins 
Human Nature and Sublimity on the upper side, and Ac- 
quisitiveness on the lower side. A good constructive nose is 
well filled out at the sides below the bridge. Noses having 
a depression or indentation at this part lack mechanism. 
This faculty is needed in art, to assist the painter, sculptor, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



93 



novelist, actor, and musician, in order that they may be able 
to construct their work on mechanical principles, for without 
mechanism as a basis, art could not advance. Mechanical 
construction is as essential in planniog a sermon, a novel, or 
a history, as it is in building a house. The faculties found 
in combination with Constructiveness will decide what par- 
ticular thing will be constructed — whether a book, a statue, 
a painting, or a church. 



ACQUISITIVENESS. 




MICHAEL REESE. (Acquisitiveness.) 

The accompanying cut reveals the faculty of Acquisitiveness on a large scale and 
in many places. The signs in the droop of the eyelids, the thick straight nose, and 
dry appearance of the lower lip disclose the fact that Michael Reese, the capitalist of 
San Francisco, lived for the pleasure of accumulation purely. The entire organism 
shows the predominance of the accumulative principle. 

This sign fills out the nose just where the alse join the 
face. The "hooked nose," such as is often seen in Jewish 



94 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

faces, is another unfailing indication of acquisitive power, 
In those in whom this faculty is deficient a hollow is seen at 
this place. This faculty gives the power to acquire proper- 
ty, learning, or power, or whatever the faculties in combina- 
tion with it lead the individual to desire most. It is some- 
times seen in the heavy eyelid, which shows the whole of the 
upper lid while the eve is yet open. This feature is most 
seen in Oriental faces. This indication is well illustrated in 
portraits of Sir Moses Montefiore, Alexander T. Stewart, 
and George Washington. Benjamin Franklin was large in 
Acquisitiveness as well as economy, and was charged with 
penuriousness. The combination of traits in his face sub- 
stantiates the charge. When biographies of great men do 
not agree with their physiognomies, I always believe the 
latter in preference to the former. 



VENEKATION, 



At the highest part of the nose, very commonly called the 
"bridge," "Veneration is located. The higher and broader 
the nose at this point, the greater the development of Ven- 
eration. This faculty gives the power to venerate or respect 
God, law, Nature, old age, antiquities, and every idea, per- 
son, and thing according to its merits. The most noted 
divines and commanders of all ages have possed this faculty 
largely. Those with Veneration large make good command- 
ers, for those who can the best command can the most readily 
obey; the faculty that gives one the power to comprehend 
and respect law produces the desire to see it carried out, 
either by executing or obeying its provisions. The ability 
for logical argument is one attribute of this faculty, and 
where the nose is broad as well as high at this sign large rea- 
soning powers may be inferred, as well as capacity for logical 
ratiocination. Plato, Huss, WicklifTe, Luther, Emanuel 
Kant, Calvin, Fontenelle, the two Mathers, John Locke, 
Benjamin Franklin, George Herbert, and Canon Kingsley, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



95 




EEV. DK. MUHLENBUEGH. (Veneeation.) 

Veneration is exhibited in this countenance of the Eev. Dr. Muhlenburgh in a 
most conspicuous manner. His life-work tells us how large a place it filled in his 
nature. He founded hospitals, homes for the aged, and retreats for crippled and 
destitute children, and lived a celibate life in order to carry out his plans for the 
needy of earth. His Veneration gave him respect for all that merited it — God, old 
age, the helpless and desolate. 

all have this faculty in a remarkable degree. Yeneration is 
not, as some imagine, a slavish adoration of a deity, or of a 
number of deities. That is the perversion of the true use of 
this noble faculty; or, rather, its use without reason. Yen- 
eration should always be moderated by reason, or subordi- 
nated to it; for, without it, it degenerates into many gross 
errors and unjust customs. 

Lecky, in his ''History of European Morals," says: "Kev- 
erence is one of those feelings which, in utilitarian systems, 
would occupy at best a very ambiguous position, for it is ex- 
tremely questionable whether the great evils that have grown 
out of it in the form of religious superstition and political 
servitude have not made it a source of more unhappiness 
than happiness." This idea shows that it can be turned 



96 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



from its legitimate use, and work injury to whole nations. 
Still, no character is truly beautiful or noble without it. 

Persons deficient in Veneration have a decided depression 
at this point. . They are never leaders nor commanders, and 
do not yield ready obedience to law. Not apprehending the 
nature of veneration or respect, of course they cannot easily 
put it into operation. Where there is a great lack of Venera- 
tion, we are sure to find impudence and impertinence in 
excess. Negroes as a class have little reverence. Their re- 
ligious feelings proceed almost entirely from an over-develop- 
ment of Credenciveness, making them grossly superstitious, 
as fc they have little reason to control this faculty. In all 
undeveloped people and races, an excess of Credenciveness 
is thought to be a religious trait, whereas it is only a mark 
of an unbalanced mind. True religion is shown where rea- 
son and morality hold the balance. 



EXECUTIVENESS. 




SIR CHAELES NAPIER. (Executiveness.) 
This leonine countenance announces to the most casual observer the qualities 
which characterize the king of beasts — power, force, and courage. Admiral Sir 
Charles was a descendant of a family noted for its warriors ; hence, he inherited 
Executiveness in an intensified form. His physiognomy speaks for his character. 
No biography is needed here. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 97 

Executiveness is found on the ridge of the nose just above 
Veneration, and forms the outline generally called "Roman," 
from its having been the form of the nose of many of the 
leading Eoman generals, commanders, orators, and states- 
men. It is the faculty which gives ability to execute law and 
order. It makes the individual bold, resolute, and daring 
in the discharge of duty, with power to lead rather than to 
be led. It is found in the physiognomies of Hannibal, Julius 
Caesar, Charlemagne, Duke of Marlborough, Lord Nelson, 
Marshal Saxe, Duke of Wellington, Generals Scott and Sher- 
man, and all who have become known to history for their 
abilities to command and lead large bodies of men in ag- 
gressive movements. With such men it assumes the aggress- 
ive form, and peculiarly adapts them to fill the position of 
military leaders. Unaccompanied by a strong sense of jus- 
tice, it becomes tyranny. 



SELF-WILL. 



Self-will is located at the root of the nose just between 
the eyes, and is indicated by height at this part. It is found 
more largely developed in European noses than in American, 
and it is this which gives the plodding, persevering character 
so often observed among them. Americans, as a class, do 
not continue and dwell so long at their undertakings as Eu- 
ropeans, and, consequently, show a greater depression in the 
descent from the forehead to the nose. Self-will is one of 
the most important faculties in the human mind. It is found 
small in undeveloped races and faces, and large in all who 
have excelled in any work requiring continued attention, as 
have the following named persons: Dante, Josephus, Sir 
Isaac Newton, Humboldt, Milton, Omar Pasha, John Steven- 
son, Richard Arkwright, Kossuth, Mrs. Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, Mme. de Stael, Edwin Booth, Brigham Young, Cyrus 
W. Field, Horace Greeley, and C. P. Huntington. Female 
physiognomies are seldom seen with this sign large. Their 



98 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY, 




COUNT VON MOLTKE. (Self-will.) 

Self-will is stamped on every lineament of General Count Yon Moltke, eminent 
alike as a commander, strategist, and writer. His strong will, in combination with 
his intellect, led him to success in vast military enterprises. 



occupations preclude its cultivation. Woman's life is made 
up of trivialities and constant changes of small occupations. 
Yery few have the opportunity to pursue one grand object 
in life. 

Some observers give as one sign for this faculty horizontal 
wrinkles across the top of the nose, where it joins the fore- 
head. My observation affirms this sign, but it is found only 
in adults after concentrated effort in a given direction has 
been made long enough to stamp its effect upon the muscles 
at this point. I have never seen this sign in childhood. 
The former sign of height where the nose joins the forehead 
is indicated in children, as well as in adults, as showing the 
ability for consecutive efforts of the will. Those persons 
who have been successful in carrying forward great enter- 
prises — such as building railroads, laying telegraph cables, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 99 

etc., founding and managing communities, and in all under- 
takings in art and invention requiring persistent Self-will — 
show this height of the nose. This faculty occupies a com- 
manding position in the face, and thus shows its importance 
to the intellectual operations, as well as to the social and do- 
mestic faculties. In most faces in which it is predominant 
the sign for Firmness is often small; the chin will be found 
retreating somewhat. In rare instances you will find both 
these faculties large, and this will give an exceedingly willful, 
obdurate, set character. Herder says of this locality: "The 
region of the face where the mutual relations between the 
the eyebrows, the eyes, and the nose are collected, is the 
seat of the soul's expression in the countenance; that is, the 
expression of the will and of the active life." Europeans 
use the word soul often to designate mind; I think this is the 
sense in which Herder has used it in this passage. 

When Self-will is large, the Muscular will be one of the 
dominant systems of the individual. Will is operated by the 
muscles. Firmness, which is erroneously called will-power, 
is evolved from the Bony structure and operated by it. When 
one analyzes the constituents and nature of bone and muscle 
he will observe the propriety of this distinction. Will is 
very changeable like muscle; Firmness is immovable like 
bone; hence the difference in their operation. 



CEEDENCIYENESS. 



This trait has been named both Spirituality and Faith, 
neither of which expresses its real office. It gives a love of 
history and belief in tradition and biography. Perverted, 
or unbalanced by reason, it leads to superstitious belief in 
all sorts of improbable dogmas and wonderful or impossible 
stories. It is located at the inner corner of the eyebrow, 
where it joins the nose, causing an arched appearance of the 
eyebrow at this part. It is found large in the Chinese, in 
Turks, in Jews, and in all Oriental nations, who have for 



100 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 




JOHN DE WICKLIFFE. (Credenciveness.) 

This eminent divine of the English Church made a determined stand against the 
errors of the Romish Church, but was himself a believer in many things not con- 
sistent with reason or the truths of Nature. He saw only the "mote" in his 
brother's eye, not the "beam" in his own. He lived a moral life, however, and was 
popular in the fourteenth century. 

ages listened to the recital of superstitions or wonderful 
traditions. It is shown, also, by the wide open eye, and is 
small in scientists and those who are so constituted as to 
demand proof before belief. Its absence in them is shown 
by an appearance just the opposite of this, or by eyebrows 
drawn close down to the eye, thus bringing the eyebrow 
down so close as to make the eye seem small. Where it is 
uncommonly developed, it begets a love of the wonderful and 
superstitious. The individual will place implicit reliance on 
all great and improbable narrations, such as relate to ghosts, 
spirits, and great snake stories; and many persons, of good 
judgment in all the affairs of every day life, will accept as a 
religious belief statements founded on the impossible, and 
which reason and truth show to be so. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



101 



This faculty is very general, and is found in degrees rang- 
ing all the way from its legitimate action — viz., a belief in 
history, biography, and well authenticated facts — to child- 
ish credulity and belief in the impossible — in fairies, ghosts, 
genii, dragons, and in the religious power of charms, incan- 
tations, and in the sanctity of certain animals, birds, and 
insects. " Plain sense will influence half a score of people 
at most, while mystery will lead millions by the nose," said 
Lord Bolingbroke. 

The sign of this faculty is found excessive in the faces of 
Joan of Arc, Bajazet, Ignatius Loyola, Schamyl, a prophet 
and military commander of the Circassians, Pope Alexander, 
Mahomet, and Swedenborg, and other "believers." 



OBSEEVATION. 




CICERO. (Observation.) 

Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman orator, statesman, and jurist, discloses by his facial 
record that Observation was his natural and cultivated talent. The constant use of 
the muscles at the place where the inner termini of the eyebrows approach, together 
with the tension of the muscles of the eyes toward Observation, contribute to form 
the protuberance found in the face of this great observer and thinker. 



102 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Observation is a faculty of the Muscular system, and is 
related to the observation of all visible objects as separate 
and individual existences and entities. It gives an insatiable 
desire to look at and examine everything, to ask the use and 
purpose of every object in sight. It is always large in chil- 
dren, and the faculty most used by them, and through which 
nearly all knowledge comes to them in the early years of life, 
before the practical faculties and reason have begun to 
assert themselves. It should always be cultivated in chil- 
dren ; never repressed by avoiding answering their questions 
or forbidding them to gaze about. Its situation is in the 
middle of the lower part of the forehead, between the inner 
termini of the eyebrows and above the top of the nose; 
when large, rilling out the forehead to a level with the ad- 
joining parts, and causing the eyebrows in adults to lower 
down toward the eyes at their inner corners. This last sign 
is not observable in children, the faculty not having been 
put in use sufficiently long to leave its impress upon the 
muscles. It will be found large in scientists and mechanics 
generally. 

It is the opposite of Credenciveness, and its sign is also 
the reverse of that faculty. It depends upon personal ob- 
servation for its proof of all things, and, therefore, is small 
in theologians and the superstitious, who accept doctrines 
unproved, upon faith and without demonstration. The por- 
traits of Arago, Buffon, Michael Angelo, Fulton, James 
Watt, Professor Tyndall, Charles Darwin, Cyrus W. Field, 
Professor Morse, Elihu Burritt, John and Joseph Le Conte, 
and Dr. J. Simms show Observation very well defined. 



POEM. 

Form is that faculty which gives the power to recollect 
configuration generally. The memory of faces, figures, pict- 
ures, spelling, distances, and length proceed from a devel- 
opment of this faculty. It is large in draughtsmen, artists, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



103 




WILLIAM HOGARTH. (Form.) 

The faculty of Form shines pre-eminent in the impressive face of Hogarth, the 
most eminent of all caricaturists. His etchings and engravings have a world-wide 
renown. Width of the bony structure between the eyes is the chief facial sign of 
this faculty. His countenance discloses mirthfulness without stint. His sense of 
the ludicrous and grotesque is well illustrated in his "Marriage a la Mode" and 
" The Rake's Progress." He lived in England in the seventeenth century. 



wood engravers, wood carvers, sculptors, etc. It is exhibited 
by width between the eyes. Persons with large Construct- 
iveness, or mechanical ability, also retain memory of form 
well. Scientists usually possess it in a great degree. It is 
useful in classifying and arranging physical substances, 
and is needed in Architecture, Geometry, Botany, and Com- 
parative Anatomy. Dressmakers and pattern-makers must 
possess this faculty, and all who employ form as the basis of 
their trade or profession. 

It is found large in actors and elocutionists, who excel in 
gesture. Kean, Siddons, Rachel, Madame Ristori, Booth, 
and all those who have excelled in delineating the posture 
and form of others, show this faculty in excess. It is un- 
commonly large in the' faces of Cuvier, the naturalist; Lin- 
naeus, the botanist; Baron Humboldt; Sir Astley Cooper, 



104 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the celebrated surgeon; Watt, Fulton, and Stephenson, who 
were mechanics and inventors; and in all the great artists. 
" An artist," said Michael Angelo, "should have his meas- 
uring tools not in the hands, but in the eye." Form, as well 
as Size, are caused by the peculiar conformation of the Bony 
structure. 



SIZE. 

See portrait of Hogarth at Form. 



Measurement, by the eye and memory, of distances, pro- 
portion, and magnitude, are all the result of a development 
of the faculty of Size. Persons endowed with this faculty, 
in conjunction with Form, make good architects, and can 
estimate accurately lengths, widths, angles, quantities, and 
centres. Its location is on either side of Observation, and 
gives a Y-shaped appearance to the forehead just above 
where it joins the nose. 

Hogarth is a fine illustration of both Form and Size; also, 
Rembrandt, Durer, Van Dyck, Gerome, and all persons re- 
nowned for their power in comprehending and delineating 
the size of objects. Physiognomists possess this faculty as 
well as Form. The faces of Aristotle, Porta, Lavater, Dr. 
Gall, the phrenologist, and Dr. Simms have these last two 
signs very large. Surveyors, engineers, architects, and in- 
ventors have Size and Form well developed. In the face of 
Brunei, the architect of the Thames Tunnel, it is remarkable. 
Persons whose eyes are placed close to the nose, with little 
width between, are deficient in Size. Many otherwise well 
educated men cannot spell correctly, owing to the absence of 
Form and Size. 



WEIGHT. 



Weight gives an intuitive appreciation of the laws of 
motion, balance, and weight. Persons with a good endow- 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



105 




AEAGO. (Weight.) 

In this "counterfeit presentment" we have the local sign for Weight very large. 
Arago, a distinguished astronomer, mathematician, and scientist of France, proved 
by his discoveries that the faculty of Weight, or Balance, was largely represented in 
his organization. The Y-shape at the termini of the inner ends of the eyebrows is 
one of the facial indices of this muscular faculty. 



ment of this faculty are natural climbers, skaters, dancers, 
etc. It is always found large in rope dancers, billiard play- 
ers, marksmen, gunners, and archers. It is an essential 
power in carpenters, architects, and sculptors, as it enables 
them to plumb lines by the eye, and gives a correct and 
natural pose to the figure. The architect of the Leaning 
Tower of Pisa must have possessed this faculty in an emi- 
nent degree. I have observed it in acrobats, gymnasts, 
trapeze performers, velocipedists, and sailors, and in all who 
require good balancing power. 

The sense of Weight might properly be called the sixth 

sense, as it enables us to balance in walking, and to judge 

of the weight of articles by lifting. It is related to the 

Muscular system; therefore, the shape of the hands and feet 

8 



106 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

would indicate its power. Its location is adjoining Observa- 
tion and Credenciveness, and is a faculty that carpenters, 
iron workers, and astronomers must possess in order to excel 
in their several callings. When it has been much exercised, 
the muscles called corrugator supercilii increase in size, and 
this is another proof of its muscular origin. 

This sign is noticeable in the portraits of Sir Isaac New- 
ton, the Herschels, E. A. Proctor, Brunei, the architect, and 
Blondin, who crossed Niagara Falls on a wire. It is adapted 
to muscular control, to the use of tools, machinery, to 
swimming, dancing, etc. George Combe, the phrenologist, 
states that those in whom it is largest are least subject to 
sea-sickness, which proceeds from two causes : Lack of bal- 
ancing power — that is, absence of the sense of weight; and, 
second, from an abnormal bilious condition of the liver and 
stomach. The muscles and bones assist in forming a system 
of levers and other mechanical powers. A predominance of 
these two systems — the Bony and Muscular — contributes to 
the mechanical powers of the individual. Now, mechanism 
of all kinds — whether it be by the voice, brush, pen, or 
chisel; whether by skillful manipulation with the hands on 
the piano or sewing machine, or by practiced movements of 
the hands and feet — is indebted to the muscles, principally, 
for the illustration of its power; hence, we must look to the 
degree of muscular development of the entire organism for 
artistic and mechanical power. The more bone, the more 
mechanical, exact, and scientific; the more muscle, the more 
artistic, emotional, and ideal. 

Singers, like Jenny Lind or Grisi, depend upon the fine 
quality and rich endowment of the muscles of the larynx and 
ear for their powers of song. The orator, also, finds in the 
resonant quality of muscle his sure ally; while the mechanic 
and sculptor must depend upon bone, muscle, and nerve 
for the keen sensibilities of their hands to perfect their useful 
and artistic creations. The perfection of vocal expression, 
whether in song, oratory, the drama, or in language, is 
reached when the Muscular system is of fine quality and 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 107 

abounding. The sculptor must be able, by his natural and 
acquired sense of weight, to judge how to graduate the blows 
upon his chisel in order to produce the effects which he 
desires upon his marble. His ability is the result of an 
organization suited to his work by nature ; then perfected by 
cultivation and use. 

Thorwaldsen, Canova, and Miss Hosmer represent in their 
physiques a strong endowment of the Muscular system and 
sense. The sign for Weight is uncommonly large in all these 
great artists, and their hands are the hands of artists. Any 
observer, after mastering the principles underlying the hu- 
man organism, as laid down in this work, should be able to 
give most of the salient points of character from the hands 
alone. 



COLOE. 

A fine perception of Color is shown, generally, by a de- 
cided color of the eyes, skin, and hair; that is to say, the 
deeper the colors in one's organism, the better the sense and 
appreciation of the harmony of shades and tints. Persons 
with light hair, eyes, and skin are not so capable of becom- 
ing good colorists as those with darker hues in their physi- 
ognomy, and this principle of Nature is obvious. We can 
give out only that which .we possess, and those who are de- 
ficient in color cannot perceive its shadings and harmonies 
so well as those whose natures are permeated with it. Color 
is also shown in the arching of the centre of the eyebrow, as 
seen in the face of Guido Reni. 

Color is of far more importance in the economy of Nature 
than is generally known. Recent discoveries in the princi- 
ples of color have shown its power as a remedial agent, and 
colors are now applied to various diseases with great success. 
Color is an effect of climate, soil, food, and drink, acted upon 
by the solar rays. Every mineral which enters into the 
earth's composition, or into that of the sun, gives forth its 
color, which has a perceptible and powerful effect upon the 



108 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 




GUIDO KENI. (Color.) 

The portraits by this distinguished artist are compared to those by Raffaelle in 
the brilliancy of their coloring. Dense color pervaded his entire body. Olive com- 
plexion, red cheeks, and black hair and eyes prepared him to comprehend the har- 
monies of colors, shades, and tints. Lavater says, "We read the coloring of Guido 
in his countenance." This portrait represents the artist at an advanced age. 

human organism. These rays must harmonize with the con- 
ditions of the human system in order to produce health. 
Many persons are color-blind. A very much larger percent- 
age of men than women are so. A depression or lowering of 
the eyebrow at the centre is an infallible indication of color- 
blindness. A recent writer on color-blindness, Dr. Jay 
Jeffries, estimates the percentage of those who are color- 
blind, in a greater or less degree, as one in every twenty-five 
males. The proportion is much less in females; Dr. Holm- 
gren found but ten women in seven thousand one hundred 
and nineteen, of all ages and occupations, color-blind! The 
reason why men are more deficient in the sense of color is 
that they do not make the same study and use of colors that 
women do, in their dress, and in the pursuit of their tastes 
generally; in the disposition of house and flower decorations, 
and in adapting colors to complexion. The use of tobacco 
and alcohol is thought to injure the color sense. The prin- 
ciple that "use increases capacity" applies as well to this 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 109 

department of the organism as to all the other parts of the 
system. Professor Holmgren says that "color-blindness is 
not a disease in the sense of being attended with suffering, 
obliging the person to have recourse to a physician. Color- 
blindness, quite as well as normal sight, is a sense of color, 
though of another and more simple nature. He whom we 
call color-blind is not, correctly speaking, at all blind to all 
colors. In the system according to which he arranges his 
colors, he has fewer kinds than the normal observer. It 
results from this that he finds resemblances between colors, 
or confuses others that the normal observer finds different; 
for instance, red and green." 

There are many unsatisfactory theories put forth to account 
for the deficiency of the color sense. My own ideas on the 
subject may be useful as far as they go; I know, however, 
that they do not cover the whole ground. My observations 
have led me to remark two causes for this defect : First, the 
lack of foods which contain those elements that produce the 
kind and amount of color essential to the healthy equilibrium 
of the organism; that is to say, that in the chemical combi- 
nation of the food with the blood and tissues, there is not 
sufficient coloring matter mingled to endow the person with 
the right proportion of color to constitute a strong and 
decided color sense; also, there is not enough of color de- 
rived from the solar rays. This proceeds from a disregard 
of sanitary law in pursuing an in-door existence, or a non- 
assimilation by the organism of these rays, in consequence 
of certain diseased conditions which prevent, for a time, the 
proper action of the light and heat of the sun. This oppo- 
sition is, however, only temporary, as it is well known that 
sunlight alone will eradicate many diseases; and, as the 
white rays of the sun are composed of a combination of all 
the colors of the prism, the curative properties must reside 
in the colors alone. If this were not the case, a heated room 
would conduce to health as well as sunlight. Experience 
proves that this result cannot be obtained without the direct 
rays of the sun. Plants languish and become pale and sickly 



110 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

when deprived of sunlight, and vegetable juices undergo 
seriotfs chemical changes from being shut off from the action 
of the solar rays. There are other sources of light and color 
which are nearly the same in their composition and action as 
sunlight. Electricity is one of these sources which has a 
direct bearing upon the health of organic life; and, although 
many of the laws relating to this force are unknown, still 
enough of its action has been observed to assure us that a 
proper amount must enter into the constitution of the human 
organism to produce healthful conditions. There are other 
sources of light, which cannot be dwelt upon here. The 
reader might consult the works of Descartes, Helmholz, 
Huyghens, and Draper on this subject with profit. 

The second cause of defective color sense is plainly 
proved, I think, by the fact that a much larger percentage of 
males are lacking in this direction than females. The reason 
for this has been previously stated; viz., non-use of colors 
habitually. Colors are interwoven, one may say, into the 
every-day life of woman, while only a few men, compara- 
tively, pursue callings into which colors enter as a prime 
factor. The theory of non-assimilation in the organism of 
mankind, by chemical action, of sufficient color to give a 
correct and just understanding of colors, should teach us 
how important, in a moral sense, a due development of color 
is to the human body. The reader will observe, in the 
chapter on sub-basilar principles, the reference made to 
color by the celebrated naturalist, Haeckel, who has ob- 
served that the absence of color induces or accompanies 
abnormal conditions, both in animals and man. He, how- 
ever, gives no theory on the subject. 

Absence of color produces not only physical defects — as, 
for instance, the absence of the. color sense — but also moral 
deficiencies. Now, very light gray eyes, or almost all light 
eyes, are indicative of either scrofulous tendencies or weak- 
ness of the kidney system; and weakness or deficiency of 
that system shows a lack of natural integrity or Conscien- 
tiousness. I know that this theory will be assailed and 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. Ill 

scouted. Let me ask my opposers to bring as good proof 
against this theory as I can to its support, before they pro- 
ceed to condemn it. Surely, twenty-five years of observation 
in the study of the human organism have not failed in dis- 
covering what the eye of the indifferent would never become 
cognizant of. At the same time, I would advise all doubters 
to take heed of Descartes' maxim, "Assent to no proposition 
the matter of which is not so clear that it cannot be doubt- 
ed." As the moral as well as mental powers depend upon 
the constitution of the atoms and molecules which compose 
the cellular tissues of the body, how can it be expected that 
integrity shall be one of its components if chemical action 
has failed, in the first instance, to properly blend and har- 
moniously balance the physical organism ? Morality is not 
a fine spun, fleecy, cloudy theory of belief; Conscientiousness 
is not an intellectual opinion as to the merits of Infant 
Damnation or the doctrine of Salvation and Election, or any 
other purely speculative belief. It is the very groundwork 
of our physical construction; it inheres in the chemical or 
underlying basis of our organism, and depends for its sound- 
ness on the purity of the body primarily, and afterward on 
a cultivated and quickened moral sense. 

A more general comprehension of colors would lead to 
greater protection of life and property. Colored signals and 
lights are used largely on railways and on shipboard. The 
failure to understand the colors of these signals might prove 
disastrous in the highest degree. Men intending to enter 
positions where such signals are used should be subjected to 
an examination in colors before assuming such responsibili- 
ties, where ignorance of colors might jeopardize the lives of 
hundreds. The Color sense is dependent upon the normal 
condition of the glandular system and the arterial circulation 
for its illustration. The local sign (arching of the centre of 
the eyebrow) is an inherited feature, transmitted from an- 
cestors who have had the Color sense cultivated in trades or 
professions, and it then becomes a permanent formation. 
This sign is also caused by the roundness and size of the 



112 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 



muscles of the eye and its orbit; also, by raising the lid and 
brow constantly, as all artists do in their work. 



ORDER. 




CUVIER. (Order.) 
Baron Cuvier's brow illustrates the local sign for this faculty admirably. 



His 



classification of scientific subjects, and his collection of natural objects, aroused this 
sense to its highest activity. He is remarkable among the greatest scientists for his 
systems of classification and orderly arrangement. The Bony system is one of the 
ruling powers in him. 



The next local sign in the Architectural division is found 
externally from Color, and adjoins Calculation, its natural 
assistant. When very large it forms almost an angle, and 
assists in forming the arch produced by the local sign for 
Color. It is adapted to method, system, regulation, law, 
and custom, and is essential in business, housekeeping, and 
in all the trades. It is found large in apothecaries, printers, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



113 



accountants, scientists, and librarians. Those with a large 
share of Order are pained by disorder, and must have a 
place for everything and everything in its place. Order de- 
rives its power from the size and form of the Osseous sys- 
tem. The bones of the forehead form the shape which is 
assigned to the local sign for Order. The phrenological 
idea, that it is an organ of the brain, is wholly false. It in- 
heres in the squareness of the Bony system, and is not found 
in the Vegetative along with fat. It belongs to the mind of 
the hones. 



CALCULATION. 




GEORGE BOOLE. (Calculation.) 

Calculation very large. The square bony frame of George Boole, in combination 
with the muscular powers, enabled him by its orderly arrangement to calculate un- 
commonly well. His power of reason added made him one of the most profound 
mathematicians of the world. His works are too abstruse for general use ; hence, he 
is little known. 



The ability to calculate numbers, reckon figures in the 
head, and remember figures, dates, and sums, is shown in 



114 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the face by width of space between the external angle of the 
eye and the eyebrows, hs shown in the above portrait of 
Boole. This faculty varies in different individuals in an as- 
tonishing degree. While some can compute immense sums 
almost instantaneously, others, who are exceedingly intelli- 
gent on many other subjects, are often nearly idiotic in this. 
George Combe said of himself that, after seven years of 
study of arithmetic, the multiplication table was a profound 
mystery to him. Calculation is found more largely devel- 
oped in the Chinese than in any other race. The teacher of 
a Chinese mission school in San Francisco informed me that 
young Chinese boys would commence with notation, and in 
four months could calculate division of fractions. Two years 
are required to carry the white children of the public schools 
through the same course. Individuals possessed of Arith- 
metical Calculation, in conjunction with Form, Size, Causal- 
ity, Comparison, and Constructiveness, can become both 
mathematicians and geometricians; with Locality and Imita- 
tion added, can easily become surveyors and civil engineers. 
The physiognomies of La Place, Herschel, Lagrange, Brind- 
ley, Stevenson, Smeatou, Bradley, Lalande, Gibbon, and 
Delambre, and all others who have excelled in astronomy, 
history, physics, surveying, engineering, and similar pursuits, 
express the faculty of Calculation. This faculty inheres in 
the Muscular system mainly, assisted by the Bony. "We 
know this by the fact that those who have excelled in Calcu- 
lation have possessed a good share of these two systems. 
We cannot go beyond or outside of Nature for proof of natu- 
ral operations. Those in whom the Vegetative system is 
regnant are very poor calculators, have little Order or Local- 
ity, and are deficient in the Bony and Muscular powers gen- 
erally. 



LOCALITY. 



Localizing sense gives the power to place everything in ex- 
istence as seen. It also gives the memory of scenery, cities, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



115 




CHARLES ALFRED TOWNSEND. (Locality.) 

A talented journalist, well known for his accurate and brilliant descriptions of 
localities and persons. 

roads, and all places, things, and localities once viewed. All 
scientists have this faculty large. It is indispensable to the 
naturalist, geographer, astronomer, chemist, and descriptive 
writer, and in all the practical industries. Noted travelers 
and navigators possess this faculty in a large degree, and all 
persons who find and remember places, who can localize mi- 
nute objects in the home, store, or factory, are indebted to 
this trait for their capacity in this direction. Locality, in 
combination with Constructiveness, gives the ability to re- 
member machinery and set it v in position; with Observation, 
Human Nature, Memory of Events, and Form large, a desire 
to travel and to study men, tnings, and the world generally 
is evinced. It is found just above the local sign for Weight, 
running upward and outward, and is so large in some cases 
as to resemble a small wen or kernel. The study of anat- 



116 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

omy, physiology, and physiognomy, as well as of all other 
sciences, cultivates and develops this power. The sign for 
this faculty is strongly defined in the faces of La Place and 
Herschel, the astronomers; Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir John 
Franklin, Captains Eoss, Cook, and Parry, navigators; Hou- 
din, the French conjuror; Marco Polo, traveler; General 
Fremont, explorer, and Sir Walter Scott, writer. It derives 
its power from the Muscular system, and is largest in those 
who are given to excess of motion. 

In giving local signs, it must not be understood by the 
reader that the faculty or power is located with the sign. 
The faculty and power are general, are diffused through the 
individual, and inhere in the entire system which the local 
sign indicates it as belonging to; as, for example, Weight 
beloDgs to the Muscular system, Constructiveness to the 
Muscular, and Form and Size depend upon the conformation 
of the Bony system. 



MEMOEY OF EVENTS. 

The Memory of Events, as its name indicates, gives the 
power to retain and recall events of all kinds — history, scien- 
tific facts, anecdotes, experiments, public measures, and 
news and neighborhood gossip. It is located above Obser- 
vation, and between the two local signs of Locality. Those 
with this faculty large readily learn and accept new doctrines, 
principles, and ideas; can become teachers, and, with Lan- 
guage large, editors and writers. It endows the individual 
with a common sense view of affairs and assists progressive 
tendencies. It is large in children, as their faces indicate. 
It is possessed by historians, descriptive writers, orators, and 
statesmen. The portraits of Victor Hugo, Dean Swift, Pres- 
cott the historian, Gladstone, and James Parton, all present 
this indication. Memory of Events is indebted to the Mus- 
cular system mainly for its power, assisted by the Osseous 
and Nervous systems. Its complex derivation gives it power 






THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



117 




LORD CHANCELLOR SOMERS. (Memoey op Events.) 

Memory of Events is very pronounced in Lord Chancellor Somers, an English 
jurist of eminence. His numerous writings on legal and political subjects evidence 
his uncommon memory for events. His countenance, shown above, discloses by the 
fullness of the centre of the forehead that his works and physiognomy corroborate 
each other. 



to remember events which the visual organs, the eyes, take 
cognizance of, as well as what is heard — as events transpire 
in history, or in affairs of the city, town, or neighborhood. 
The region about the eyes being well developed gives great 
practical inclinations to the individual, in all of which the 
eyes assist. In listening to news, the ear and auditory nerve 
are concerned, and thus this department of the Memory of 
Events is indebted to the Nervous system as well as to the 
Muscular. Memory pertains to every individual thing and 
fact in existence. There is memory of forms, words, tunes, 
time, taste, color, locality, numbers, faces, gesture, walk, 
motion, and of all things in existence. Memory is a faculty 
of each of the five systems of functions; each remembers its 
own sort of activity. 



118 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

MUSIC. 

The genius, love, and ability for music are shown in many 
ways and localities. It is more general and of the highest 
quality where the Muscular system predominates, with a due 
admixture of the Vegetative to give softness to its expres- 
sion. It is less marked in the Bony system predominant 
than in the others. The reason of this is that muscle has 
the qualities of both resonance and contraction, which bone 
has not, being unyielding in its nature, and therefore not af- 
fording as much assistance to the sound waves. Two of the 
elements of sound are elasticity and resonance; therefore, 
air, strings, and wires convey sound best. Another element 
of sound is its wave, or curved motion; and, therefore, mus- 
cle is best adapted to the giving forth and receiving of sound. 
The larynx, where sound is originated in the human voice, is 
composed of muscles and ligaments; the bones have no part 
in the act of emitting sound. The sub-basilar principle, 
that " Nature is harmonious," is nowhere more beautifully 
exemplified than in the most prominent local sign for Music 
— the ear. Under this principle, the external must agree 
with the internal; therefore, if the body is built on musical 
principles, the brain must correspond of course, and the ear, 
being the channel through which sound is conveyed to the 
brain, must be adapted in its size, form, and color to the re- 
ception and conveyance of musical and other sounds to the 
tympanum. 

Dr. Simms has given the best exposition of the rationale 
of this faculty of any writer on the subject. He says : 

' 'The round or rounding ear, well set out from the head, 
arrests more of the passing musical waves, and conveys them 
with more force to the tympanum, or drum of the ear. This 
not only gives more power of hearing, but it conduces to 
musical judgment; for the organ, being put more on stretch, 
vibrates more rapidly to the nearly instantaneous succession 
of musical waves than the flabby ear that lies upon the side 
of the head, and, sponge-like, absorbs the force of the ear- 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 119 




ARTHUR SULLIVAN. (Music.) 

The round ear, round nose, and rounding muscular body of Arthur Sullivan ad- 
mirably display the faculty of Music, as it inheres in the Muscular system. Musical 
talent was inherited by this gentleman, and has been cultivated thoroughly. He is 
a popular English composer, author of " Pinafore " and many other well known 
compositions. 

vibrations, instead of conveying them to the internal part of 
the organ; hence, flat ears are not only unmusical, but gen- 
erally dull of hearing. To make a good musician, the two 
ears must be alike, both of them being round, thin, and 
standing well out from the head, especially the outer rim. 
Musical ears are likewise generally red, because the vibratory 
motion with which they so readily respond to the waves of 
sound draws the blood to the surface of the organ. A blood- 
less ear is not one generally that has had much musical edu- 
cation. Another notable circumstance is that where the ear 
is largest at the top, the upper part being round, the person 
is capable of learning instrumental music. On the other 
hand, ears round at the top, but wide in the lower portion, 
with heavy pendant lobules, evince the faculty of vocal 
music; while width in the centre denotes the inclination to 



120 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

speak, and the power to speak well, so far as the tone and 
modulation of the voice are concerned. 

"The musical ear in some cases is, and in others is not, a 
matter of inheritance. If the father or his relatives are 
musical, and the mother's family destitute of this talent, the 
children may be musical or otherwise, according to the parent 
that each of them represents in the musical heritage. When 
the two ears in any person are not alike in size and form, the 
right ear resembles either the father or the father's family, 
and represents their musical capabilities, while the left ear 
will be found like that of the mother or her near relatives. 
Sometimes it happens that the right or male side of the child 
represents a musical father, and that ear is round; while the 
left ear may be square, indented, angular, and broken at the 
outer edge, or depressed and flat, showing that the mother 
or her family must have been unmusical. On the other hand, 
if the father or his ancestors were deficient in musical talent, 
the rim of the right ear of the child will be more or less an- 
gular, or exhibiting straight lines, sharp turns or other devi- 
ations from the round form, evincing that mechanical rather 
than musical talent has been inherited from the father's side 
of the house. Some children inherit the musical as well as 
other capacities from ancestors two or three generations 
back. All round-eared animals love music, while long-eared 
animals are indifferent to or dislike it." 

The Muscular system is mainly instrumental in producing 
sound. 



LANGUAGE. 



Language, or the ability to communicate by speech, has 
its signs in several places. The large, full, wide-open eye is 
an unmistakable evidence; so, also, a large mouth is proof 
of volume of language, and capacity, if the nostrils be large, 
for producing very loud tones. Full lips and throat are other 
evidences of this faculty. Many eyes appear small to the 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 



121 




LETITIA E. LANDON. (Language.) 

Language large. The fullness of the eyes and lips, and general roundness of the 
physique, show the predominance of the Muscular system. It is this system from 
which Language is derived. The numerous works of this lovely English poetess 
evince her great copiousness and power of language. 



superficial observer because the bony ridge over the eyes 
projects so far forward as to hide their size, and very keen 
observation is needed here to distinguish their real size. 
One with large, full eyes aud large mouth is fluent, volu- 
ble, and able to express himself with copiousness, freedom, 
and power; will be able to learn foreign languages easily; 
will possess great memory of language, and, with large rea- 
soning powers, Causality, Comparison, Memory of Events, 
and large Observation, will have great power for oratory of 
high order. All vocal expression is dependent upon the 
Muscular system for its power. The vocal cords are carti- 
laginous, of the nature of muscle. The tongue, the mouth, 
and the larynx are mainly muscular. The ear, which receives 
sound, is indebted to the muscular sense for its effectiveness, 
and the eye, which "speaks," is also a mass of muscles. 
9 



122 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The nation which reached the highest perfection in oratory 
was the Greek. This nation sought the perfection of the 
human form by the encouragement and exercise of those 
games which tended to the highest development of the Mus- 
cular system. The Olympian and Isthmian games were 
national and universal throughout ancient Greece, and were 
maintained at the expense of the government. They were 
considered sacred by the people. 

One fact in connection with language, which philologists 
have overlooked, is that the language of races has progressed 
only as their physical powers have developed. The lowest 
races existing at the present time are as undeveloped in their 
muscular conformation as in their language. By tracing 
races physiologically, it will be found that their language has 
improved in the ratio of their muscular development. Lan- 
guage is the natural expression of the intellectual powers, 
and is also the channel of communication for our physical 
necessities. It is related to the three divisions of the face, 
and is necessary alike for physical, mechanical, artistic, re- 
ligious, and mathematical expression. I believe it to be 
related to pulsation. Inasmuch as language is naturally and 
necessarily divided into pauses, there may be some connec- 
tion between the beats of the pulse and the natural accentu- 
ation and periodicity of syllables and sentences. I give this 
as a suggestion to observers, not having investigated it suffi- 
ciently to state it as a fact in Nature. 

The explanation of the locality and office of the faculty of 
Language completes the description of the Architectural 
group, occupying the middle portion of the face, and in- 
cluding the mechanical, artistic, religious, literary, and ex- 
ecutive faculties. 



THE MATHEMATICAL DIVISION. 

All of the faculties and powers which relate to or assist in 
mathematical computation and demonstration are found in 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 123 

the upper or third division of the face, as exhibited in the 
outline cut on page 22. This attribute pervades all things, 
and shows the divisibility of substances, space, and time. 
Mankind would be like the blind groping in daylight without 
this power of computing, numbering, and demonstrating the 
numerical divisibility of all things in Nature. Statistics, 
surveying, navigation, weighing, measuring, and all business 
transactions involving calculation and accounting, come under 
the action of this department of the mind. Time in music, 
rhythm in poetry, the periodicity and revolution of the heav- 
enly bodies, the succession of the seasons, and the quantita- 
tive particles of matter, are all subject to the laws of mathe- 
matics. So much of one element, another quantity of a 
different constituent, and a third proportion of some other 
substance, gas, acid, or ether, go to form every atom of or- 
ganized life or matter of which the senses can take cognizance. 
There is no doubt that the pulsations of the heart and the 
natural accentuation of speech are subject to mathematical 
law. Indeed, there seems to be a law of correspondence 
throughout all Nature, by which the laws of all departments 
are correlated and act in unison with each other. 

If the motions of the planets and the duration of the sea- 
sons, with all their sequences, are subjects of mathematical 
law and demonstration; if, in short, every atom of every kind 
whatever is regulated and governed by this all-pervading law 
of numerical certainty, why is it not reasonable to conclude 
that man's life, its duration and pathway or orbit through 
time and space, are also matters of law, coming naturally and 
necessarily under the law of mathematical certainty, and sus- 
ceptible of demonstration, like every other atom, or organi- 
zation of atoms, in the universe? You may say that this is 
but a restatement of what is called "the law of destiny." 
I do not object to that term if it be so understood as to in- 
clude scientific law as the basis of the destination of all 
created matter. I do not give out this idea as based on a 
settled law of Nature, because I cannot substantiate it by 
well demonstrated facts; but reasoning from all the analogies 



124 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of Nature, from the harmony that I observe attending all her 
operations, and from the co-ordination of all her forces, I 
believe that mathematical law may be the basis of the dura- 
tion of our allotted time here. Its universality of applica- 
tion is simply unlimited. 

"It is a character of all the higher laws of Nature," says 
Sir John Herschel, "to assume the form of a precise quanti- 
tative statement. The law of gravitation expresses the exact 
mathematical decrease of the gravitating force with the in- 
crease of the distances. Chemistry is, in a most prominent 
degree, a science of quantity. Astronomy likewise builds 
on mathematically expressed relations: the satellite revolving 
around its primary describes equal areas in equal times, and 
the squares of these periodic times are as the cubes of the 
distance. In the vegetable kingdom, two is the number 
ruling in the flowerless plants, three in the endogenous, and 
fi.Ye in the exogenous. There is a mathematical law also 
governing the relative number of petals, sepals, and stamens, 
and the growth of leaves around the stalk. In animal life, 
the mollusk forms a perfect geometrical curve, and propor- 
tions the size of its whorls to the distance between them; and 
in the higher animals it is discovered, as in the number and 
size of the vertebrae, the number of teeth, etc., the same fact 
of a quantitative principle prevailing everywhere while yet in 
subordination to special laws of function or mode of life." 

In commencing the examination of the Mathematical di- 
vision of the face, I shall refer first to Time. 



TIME. 

Two kinds of ability to comprehend Time may be observed in the physiques and 
faces of George Boole and Arthur Sullivan, on pages 113 and 119. 

Time is the faculty which enables us to take cognizance of 
the lapse of time, of periods of succession, of hours, days, 
months, and years. It is found large in the organisms of 
watch and chronometer makers, in astronomers, chemists, 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 125 

dancers, elocutionists, in the higher classes of mechanics, 
and in musicians. It is manifested in a variety of ways and 
by several local signs. As there are different kinds of this 
faculty in the human mind, it is logical to infer that it would 
be exhibited in the action of the different systems. This is 
in reality the case. "When we find Time shown by persons of 
the round form equally with those of the square build, and 
then again another manifestation of this sense by those with 
the Brain system predominant, we conclude that its origin is 
as diverse as its manifestations are various and unlike. 
Many eminent musicians, like Handel and Meyerbeer, who 
were muscular and round men, illustrate the sort of Time 
used in musical exercises. It is large also in many mechan- 
ics and physicists who unite the Muscular with the Bony 
system slightly predominant. It is never found large in the 
Yegetative system. 

Time gives the power to tell instinctively the hour of any 
given time of day or night, and ability to keep time in music. 
Persons witli Time large evince a desire to be punctual, to 
have a set time for every act; can remember the dates when 
certain events transpired; will excel in keeping time in music 
and in marching. Time inheres in the entire organism — less 
probably in the Yegetative system than in the others, for in 
low animal organisms assimilation is constantly going on, but 
when we ascend to the higher, to the Thoracic, the periodic 
movements of the lungs and heart prove that this form of 
Time is expressed here. Although in that portion of the 
process of digestion carried on by the intestinal system there 
is a set time for the completion of the process of assimilation 
of the foods taken into the stomach as nutrition, in the Mus- 
cular and Bony systems we have still further assistants to 
periodic movements covering lapse of time; still in the Mus- 
cular and Bony systems we have more power evinced in this 
direction, in marching, in music, and in making instruments 
which illustrate the periodic movements of the earth, winds, 
tides, etc. Coming higher up, we find in the Brain and 
Nerve system the ability to comprehend the lapse of time, to 



126 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

compute its periodicity by mathematical calculation. Thus 
each part of the organism exhibits its peculiar phase of the 
time-keeping faculty, showing that time is a component of 
man as a whole. In proof of the separateness of Time as 
distinct from Tune, let me state that I have known those who 
were so destitute of Music as not to be able to know one 
one musical air from another, yet who kept time perfectly in 
dancing and marching. These were persons in whom the 
Bony and Muscular systems were in the ascendant. 

As I have shown that Time inheres in the entire organism 
of man, it necessarily follows that there would be many signs 
by which to discern this faculty and to discover the particu- 
lar sort of Time with which the individual is endowed. In 
accordance with the principles upon which it is founded, we 
should, then, find the kind of time used by musicians in the 
round form, and also in those who combine the Bony with 
the Muscular system, being so blended as to avoid both an- 
gularity and obesity. In those who apply time in mathe- 
matical computation, we shall find the square bony form in 
excess in some, and the Brain system predominant in others. 
Among musicians and composers of music there are many of 
the round build, like Handel and Meyerbeer; many with the 
Brain system dominant, such as Wagner, Yon Weber, and 
Mendelssohn; others in whom the Bony and Muscular sys- 
tems seem about evenly developed, as we find in the physi- 
ognomies of Listz and Haydn. One local sign for Time is 
found in the forehead, just above the sign for Order. This 
sign is discovered mostly in the muscular and bony people, 
and is owing to the peculiar conformation caused by the com- 
bination of these two systems. Dr. J. Simms gives as indi- 
cations of Time the following: " Mechanical Time is known 
by a squareness of the face, joined with a large numerical 
capacity." Of the kind of Time denoted by the round form, 
he says: "The round form of the face and physique bespeak 
for the individual the ability to comprehend and produce 
natural time." His further illustration is as wonderful as it is 
beautiful and comprehensive, showing the law of correspond- 
ence with the shape and motions of the planetary bodies. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 

CAUSALITY. 



127 




SIR ISAAC NEWTON. (Causality.) 

Newton possessed in a remarkable manner the power to trace cause to its origin. 
His large Conscientiousness was a valuable assistant to this faculty. To his Causal- 
ity and love of natural truths we are indebted for the discovery of the laAV of gravi- 
tation, and other natural laws as well. 

This is the faculty which traces causes to their origin, 
seeks out the why and wherefore, deduces inferences from 
premises, causes originality, and gives reasoning power and 
invention. Its principal sign is located in the upper and 
lateral portion of the forehead, on either side of Comparison, 
which is its natural ally in perfecting reasoning processes. 
Where Causality is largely developed, it produces a rounding 
out and slight fullness of this part of the forehead, giving 
this part of the face breadth. It is found larger in broad, 
strong organisms than in thin, weak persons. Its foundation 
is in general strength of the body and mind, with a suitable 
quality of the Nerve and Brain system. Its location is the 
highest in the face, and enables it to sit in judgment, as it 
were, upon all the acts of the body and processes of the 



128 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

mind. In conjunction with Comparison, it presides over the 
religious faculties; for "religion without reason is supersti- 
tion." It is, in fact, the latest acquisition to the human 
mind, and the greatest distinguishing difference between 
Man and the brute creation; although there is no doubt that 
the animals of the higher grades reason in a limited degree. 
The facts of natural history attest this, and Man, with all 
his boasted superiority, is different only in degree; he re- 
mains the same in kind as other animals. 

Causality is found in the faces of all who excel in investi- 
gation, research, reason, science, and jurisprudence. In the 
physiognomies of all the celebrated jurists of England — Lord 
North, Earl of Clarendon, Erskine, Blackstone, and Ellen- 
borough — this faculty shines pre-eminent; also, in those of 
the most eminent scientists and astronomers — Lalande, La 
Place, the Herschels, Galileo, and Mitchell; among meta- 
physicians, in Hobbes, Paley, Adam Smith, Dugald Stewart, 
and John Stuart Mill; among divines, in Jonathan Edwards, 
John Knox, Melancthon, Wesley, and William E. Channing; 
among scientists and naturalists, in Ampere, De Candolle, 
Sir Humphrey Davy, Yon Liebig, Buffon, and Agassiz. It 
is large, also, in the faces of the celebrated statesmen of all 
ages, such as Metternich, Talleyrand, Pitt, Eox, Palmerston, 
Webster, Monroe, Jefferson, Calhoun, Alexander Stephens, 
and others. 

This faculty, along with that of its close companion, 
Comparison, is best illustrated where the forehead recedes 
slightly. This angle of inclination always discloses the 
practical reasoner. The foreheads of all great intellects 
indicate this formation. See, for example, Locke, Cicero, 
Newton, Cuvier; while the foreheads of many artistic persons 
are thrown more forward at the upper part. They have not 
the necessity for practicality as the former. 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 129 

COMPAKISON. 

See portraits of Lord Chancellor Somers, Sir Isaac Newton, and Charles Bradlaugh, 
on pages 75, 117, and 127. 

Comparison is the companion, naturally and necessarily, 
of Causality. Possessing high powers, it holds its position 
in accordance with its importance, being located between the 
two local signs of Causality, and above Memory of Events. 
It fills out and elevates the centre of the forehead at the 
highest part, and is most effective in those who are possessed 
of stroug, broad, and harmoniously organized bodies, to- 
gether with a high quality of nerve and brain. It enables 
the individual to criticise, analyze, compare, classify, and 
discriminate between truth and error. It endows him with 
the power to generalize and apply facts. It assists the 
scientist, philosopher, architect, and mathematician. All 
our great judges possess the faculties of Comparison and 
Causality in a pre-eminent degree. 

These faculties are never seen with a flat nose, and all 
races and persons who have undeveloped noses are destitute 
of the gift of inductive reasoning, are never philosophical, 
and are not capable of performing the highest mathematical 
demonstration; for "the size of the nose is the measure of 
mental power," as well as the gauge by which we measure 
the architectural or building powers and artistic capacities 
in man. The portraits of Socrates, Aristotle, Bacon, New- 
ton, Kepler, Voltaire, D'Alembert, Descartes, Condorcet, 
Hugh Miller, David Hume, Herbert Spencer, and Owen 
Jones show Comparison to have been very large in their 
organizations. All of these men possessed large, high, broad 
noses, and broad, full foreheads at the superior part. Caus- 
ality and Comparison can always be inferred if the nose is 
high and broad at the bridge and below it. 



130 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

INTUITION. 




CHAKLOTTE BKONTE. (Intuition.) 

Charlotte Bronte was distinguished for her insight into human nature. Her 
analyses of character are remarkable when we consider the limited field she possessed 
for investigation. She was au English novelist, one of the most eminent of the age. 

Intuition is a faculty which seems to be directly related to 
the Brain and Nerve system, and depends upon a peculiar 
quality of this system for its power. If Intuition is found 
with persons of the Muscular, Thoracic, or Bony systems 
predominant, then its action is determined by the quality of 
the brain and nerves in conjunction with it. This quality 
manifests itself by keenness of apprehension of the character 
of everything of which the individual takes cognizance. 
Persons with this faculty large are good physiognomists; 
understand at first glance, almost, the physical conditions of 
those whom they observe. Such scarcely need to be told 
the symptoms of disease, but appear to apprehend the vari- 
ous feelings and forms of suffering, and to make a correct 



THE SIGNS IN THE FACE. 131 

diagnosis of diseased and healthful conditions with facility. 
It is not adapted alone to the requirements of physical in- 
sight, but brings with it intellectual intuition, and compre- 
hends instantly the indications and appearances of intellect- 
ual truth or falsity; it penetrates moral conditions, and is 
able to almost divine the true, and to separate it from the 
false system of ethics. 

I believe the higher animals to be possessed of this faculty 
in a large degree. It is their method of discerning the 
character of their fellows, as well as that of their masters 
and human companions and acquaintances. This endowment 
is for their protection, the same as with Man. It can be 
cultivated by those who possess it, but cannot be imparted 
to others. Persons of the Yegetative system large have very 
little of this faculty; it is found mostly with the higher 
systems. The great actors depend largely upon Intuition to 
aid them in comprehending the characters which they per- 
sonate. 

The signs of this faculty are various. The principal facial 
sign is a bright, clear eye of a decided color, such as true 
blue or pure black or brown. Mixed eyes or very pale ones 
are seldom found with those whose intuitions are correct. 
Another sign is a predominance of the Brain system over all 
others. Still another sign is shown by fine, clear skin and fine 
hair. Suspicious and jealous persons have so little of Intui- 
tion that they substitute suspicion for observation and truth, 
and are jealous because they cannot apprehend traits as they 
really exist in the characters of those about them. Persons 
with large Intuition should study the natural sciences, be- 
cause they are so well adapted to discern universal truth. 
They should devote themselves to scientific Physiognomy, 
because their natural qualifications will enable them to be- 
come experts in character reading, and the requirements for 
a first-class physiognomist are very exacting; no other faculty 
can be substituted for Intuition. 

The face has for its expression thirty-six pairs and two 
single muscles. I advise my readers to procure some good 



132 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

work on Anatomy and Physiology, and make themselves 
familiar, not only with the muscles of the face and body, but 
also with the several systems included in the human organ- 
ism; viz., the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the 
Osseous, and the Brain and Nerve systems. The scope of 
this work will not permit an extended anatomical and physi- 
ological description of the numerous principles and laws 
regulating and giving expression to the physiognomy. As in 
all sciences there are many points which can be imparted 
only by a teacher, so in Physiognomy there are many mean- 
ings to expression which cannot be reproduced on paper, but 
must be taught from the living subject. Still, enough of the 
science is given in these pages to lift the veil which has so 
long hidden Man from his own knowledge, and every careful 
observer and thinker will be able, with the assistance here 
rendered, to progress with rapid strides toward a more 
complete knowledge of this wonderful and beautiful science. 
The faculties treated of in the Mathematical division are 
the highest in the scale of human development. I mean by 
this that this part of the face is developed only in the most 
perfected races and people, and appears latest in evolution. 
It requires a more perfected mind to be mathematical, in its 
highest and broadest sense, than to be either artistic or lit- 
erary. A man may be highly religious, in the common ac- 
ceptation of the term, without having a single idea as to the 
powers of numbers, or an appreciation of the harmonies of 
rhythm or chromatics, or of the grand and far reaching knowl- 
edge of Astronomy. He may be artistic to a high degree, 
without being able to comprehend the harmonies of Nature 
which bring to us a knowledge of the wonders of infinite 
causation. Causality and Comparison sit in judgment upon 
all the processes of mind and acts of body; their locality is 
above all the other faculties in the face. They are the only 
faculties through which we can comprehend the unity and 
co-ordination of the laws of matter. They are pre-eminently 
large in philosophers and in those who have given to the 
world systems of Causal and Formal Astronomy and Science. 



SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 133 

Aristotle, Galileo, Bacon, Lavoisier, Cuvier, Linnaeus, Kep- 
ler, and Newton must have presented, in their own organiza- 
tions, such combinations of form and faculties as were in 
harmony with, and based upon, just such principles as the 
powers are which they discovered and demonstrated. Such, 
indeed, is the fact, as the "counterfeit presentments" of 
their faces and physiques show. 



CHAPTER Y. 

EXPOSITION OF SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 

FOKM AND SIZE. 

Whether we accept the doctrine of evolution or not, we 
must, with the vast array of evidence in organized life before 
us, admit that there is a singular unity of action influencing 
the methods of Nature. An ordinary observer will find that 
certain characteristics in the animal outwork in the like re- 
sults when found in the human family. The same general 
laws as to form, size, color, texture, proportion, and faculties 
are common to both man and the brute creation. A study 
of the various conformations, colors, and textures of the 
several species of animals, both wild and domestic, together 
with the birds — which, Geology shows, preceded the animal 
kingdom in the scheme of creation — will assist very materi- 
ally in the knowledge and proofs of scientific Physiognomy. 

First, as to Form and Size. Consider the hippopotamus — 
b>ulky, unwieldy, slow, with large abdomen, small brain, 
thick hide, wanting in sensitiveness, useless for any practical 
purpose. Behold the elephant, a little in advance of the 
former; he, also, is built on the broad plan, with dark, tough 
skin; brain considerably larger, in proportion to his size, 
than that of the hippopotamus; much more intelligent, sa- 



134 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

gacious, and sensitive; bony structure more prominent, with 
dark eyes and skin; possessed of greater activity of emotions, 
revengeful under insult or injury; very wide mouth and large 
abdomen. To which formation of the human family do these 
animals correspond? If you have given attention to the 
preceding pages, you will recognize at once all the general 
characteristics of the Vegetative form ; here is correspond- 
ence number one. 

Examine closely the stag, made for mountain climbing; 
behold his length, leanness, activity, and form, the bright- 
ness of his eye, his ambition, desire for scaling the greatest 
heights, and his great breadth of chest, the broadest part of 
his body. He is here, there, and everywhere in a moment; 
does cot dwell long at one place or pursuit. His lungs and 
heart must be well developed to give the power for such 
activity. This form is the counterpart of the Thoracic in the 
human organism. 

Let us pursue this system of Physiognomy still further. 
In the animal world, whenever we see creatures endowed 
with the disposition for great destruction, we naturally look 
for a corresponding amount of strength; in this grade of 
development, strength and destruction are synonymous. If 
you were to examine a lion, tiger, or panther, you would find 
them characterized by strong, compact muscles, dark hairy 
coat, dark or yellow eyes, with rapid motions, intense pas- 
sions, and great courage. This class of animals represents 
the Muscular system in man. Persons of this form exhibit 
great strength, capacity for destruction, and large amative- 
ness. They are also social, domestic, emotional, and com- 
mercial; the commercial faculty corresponding to the preying 
and getting instinct in the animals of the same form. 

As I have previously shown that the most reliable, moral, 
tractable, and naturally intelligent of the human species are 
found where the Bony system is predominant, so in the ani- 
mal kingdom you will find the corresponding faculties in 
those domestic animals — the horse, cow, ox, camel, and 
dog — who render to mankind faithful, gentle, and intelligent 






SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 135 

service. The distinguishing marks as to color, form, and 
texture are relatively the same as in the Bony system pre- 
dominant in man. The prominent points are rather fine 
hair, variety of colors, given to herbivorous living; although 
the dog, like man, lives on a mixed diet. The horse and 
dog are particularly receptive; the projecting bones over the 
eyes resemble the development of the practical or mechanical 
faculties in man. Width between the eyes, in either dog, 
horse, or man, is always indicative of a broad intelligence. 
It shows the. faculty of Form to be large, and also gives 
breadth to all the functions and faculties of the mind; for 
Physiognomy, well understood, reads the body as well as the 
face; it takes cognizance of the color of the hair, skin, and 
eyes; it observes the walk, the voice, gestures, and move- 
ments. All are indices of character. To a practiced ear, 
the intonation of a single sentence will reveal very much to 
the listener. Everything which one does, no matter how 
trifling, is highly significant of character; and habits of ob- 
servation and analysis should be formed in youth, and the 
reason why traits are combined as we find them should be 
given by parents and teachers. I feel assured that, after a 
careful reading of these thoughts, any parent will be compe- 
tent to direct aright the dawning perceptions of his child in 
Physiognomy. It is the duty of all parents to throw around 
their children such protection as the knowledge of the laws 
of Nature affords. It will prevent the erroneous reading of 
character to which the present lamentable ignorance of the 
laws of Physiognomy leads. The many physiognomical er- 
rors current will be rectified, and the human family will be 
given a compass which will keep it clear of many shoals and 
quicksands which are found on the journey of life. 

Size is a subject so little understood that I feel compelled 
to correct some opinions in regard to it, which have come to 
be accepted as truths. The phrenological principle that 
"Size is the measure of power (all else being equal)" has 
been accepted in part, and it is now generally thought that 



136 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

a large head is, or ought to be, the sign of a very intellectual 
person. Now, the truth is, that the larger the head the 
duller the person, unless there are very many favorable con- 
ditions accompanying it; and the first is inherited quality. 
Now, quality is the determining power all through Nature — 
not size. If one wishes a fine flower, one does not pluck a 
sunflower. It is large, true; but it is also coarse in look 
and devoid of fragrance. So one selects a smaller and 
more developed flower. This development is shown in the 
same way by which a brain or an ear of high quality is 
known — by the number of its convolutions. A fine rose or 
pink will illustrate this difference. A flat, broad ear, stand- 
ing out at the side of the head like that of a pig, is no indi- 
cation of "ability to receive fine musical sounds. On the 
contrary, a small ear, with a well defined rim and a number 
of elevations and depressions, will show itself to be of high 
quality." (Simms.) 

A large head is a serious disadvantage to its possessor, 
unless it be accompanied by large lungs, large heart, and 
good digestive powers; also, inherited quality of a high 
order. Then, again, a great deal depends upon the shape or 
form of the head. If most of the head lie behind the ears, 
the character will be low and sensual; but if the top of the 
forehead be broad, and much of the size lie in front and 
above the ears, then the character will be pure and noble, as 
well as intellectual. A large head merely, without all or 
most of these conditions, is an indication of a dull, stupid 
person. A large head must be accompanied by large lungs, 
in order to supply a great deal of oxygenated blood. The 
brain requires one-fifth as much blood as the entire body, 
according to Haller, and it is apparent that unless there be 
an ample supply of this material, there can be but a low 
degree of activity in the brain. Peuschel, a German ob- 
server, says: "A forehead of excessive size announces a man 
slow of conception, dull or sluggish in forming his ideas." 
Schaliz, another observer, tells us that "a forehead too large 
is the sign of a character timid, indolent, and stupid." The 



SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 137 

physiognomical indication of greatness is not found in size 
alone, nor in any other single sign. 

I have laid down, in the chapter on Basilar Principles, the 
rule that "the size of the nose, controlled by quality, is the 
measure of power; the shape of it is the proof of the kind of 
power." Therefore, in order to recognize powerful character 
in an individual, we must see that the nose stands high 
above the plane of the face, the nostrils broad, the eye large 
and bright, the mouth also large, the chin of proportionate 
breadth and length, the eyes set well under a rather project- 
ing brow (an eye that is on a level with the plane of the brow 
discloses great stupidity), the cheeks well filled — not fat, 
a forehead broad across its upper part; and when to this is 
added a tine skin and fine hair, true greatness of some sort 
is indicated. The kind of greatness depends upon the shape 
of the nose. If it be a literary nose, then the possessor will 
excel in a literary direction; if the nose be architectural, that 
power will be exhibited; an artistic or dramatic nose will 
decide the talent and power of the individual in that depart- 
ment. To make all this effective, good health is most im- 
portant, for without it the individual would be like a power- 
ful steam-engine without steam — an inert, helpless machine. 

QUALITY. 

In determining the quality or mental power of an individ- 
ual, the texture of the skin and hair is to be considered first, 
as these indicate quite as much as the form, and really de- 
termine its power and activity. If the skin be fine, clear, 
smooth, and thin, a high grade of mental activity may be 
inferred. As the brain-substance, in the form of nerves, is 
spread all over the surface of the skin, the thinner and finer 
it is, the greater is the amount of sensation experienced; 
and, as Nature is harmonious, all the external appearances 
will be found to harmonize; hence, the hair will agree with 
the skin in quality, as well as with the finger-nails. The 
latter will be found smooth, fine, and thin in combination 
10 



138 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

with a skin of like qualities. This way of deciding the quality 
of mental power is infallible. The peculiarities of the forma- 
tion of the face must tell the rest. The same law obtains in 
the animal world; a fine, soft coat on any animal proves its 
superior intelligence to those who possess coarse, shaggy 
hair. The exterior will always be found to agree with the 
interior in quality and form; and, after we learn the indica- 
tions, it will be astonishing how simple it will seem to read 
character correctly, and we shall wonder why we never saw 
these things before, nor fathomed their meanings. 

The brightness of the eye is still another exponent of the 
quality of brain power. An eye that is dull naturally, and 
moving slowly, shows dullness and stupidity; while bright 
eyes, with a quick and animated motion, show that the 
mental powers are clear and active. There is much in re- 
gard to the eye which cannot be written. Words fail to 
describe adequately different degrees of brightness and ex- 
pressions. The reader must investigate for himself, and 
commence a course of generalizing and classification on his 
own account. 

I have spread before you, in the thoughts which immedi- 
ately precede these, the similarity between certain forms, 
colors, textures, and faculties which are found both in men 
and animals. You will observe other principles active in all 
these organisms, if your attention be directed to them. 

COMPENSATION. 

All through the various forms of what may be termed the 
higher development of organized life — from the insect up to 
man — we find clearly established a law of Compensation, or, 
as I am sometimes impelled to call it, a law of Substitution; 
for its action does not seem always to fully compensate for 
absence of qualities, but rather substitutes other powers, both 
physical and mental, for defects which would render the 
organism helpless or unhappy without some assistance from 
other faculties and functions. In this relation I shall — as 



SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 139 

this is a very important branch of my subject — dwell briefly 
on its action in the lower organisms, and will then proceed 
to discuss its operation in the human mind and body. And 
here let me remark, that while the law of Compensation has 
been recognized by naturalists in the animal organism, it 
has never been applied scientifically to the workings of the 
human mind, so far as I have been able to learn. 

The compensatory structure of animals will be easily 
recognized in the following statement of Paley. He remarks: 
"In many species of insects the eye is fixed, and conse- 
quently cannot turn the pupil to the object sought. This 
great defect is perfectly compensated by a mechanism not 
easily observed. The eye is a multiplying glass, with a lens 
looking in every direction, by which means — although the 
orb of the eye be stationary — the field of vision is as ample 
as that of other animals, and is commanded on every side. 
"We are told that one thousand four hundred of these reticu- 
lations have been counted in the two eyes of a drone bee. 
The wing of a bat is furnished with a mechanical contrivance 
in the form of a hook, with which it fastens itself to the 
surface of rocks, houses, and caves. At the angle of the 
wing, there is a bent claw. It hooks and remains suspended 
by this claw; takes its flight from this position. As it can 
neither run upon its feet nor take its flight from the ground, 
this unique instrument was necessary. A singular defect 
required a singular substitute. The proboscis of an elephant 
is a compensation for the shortness of its neck. A snail is 
compensated by the secretion of a viscid humor which it 
discharges from its skin; and so, in the absence of feet, is 
enabled to ascend the stalks of plants with facility." I could 
multiply these examples ad infinitum. 

In the human family the illustration of the law of Com- 
pensation is more extended, and includes the mental as well 
as the physical system. This involves some knowledge of 
the law of Proportion, or harmonious development of the 
body — upon which, of course, depends the harmonious ac- 
tion of the mind; for, as before stated, certain conformations 



140 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of the body produce certain mental faculties. It therefore 
behooves us to know to which forms these faculties are re- 
lated, and how produced. 

I will notice, first, the operation of the law of Compensa- 
tion as regards the human organism physically, or, rather, 
physiologically. In cases where one lung is weak, the other 
often increases in size and power to make up the deficiency. 
Deaf mutes are compensated by an increased activity of all 
the other senses. Blind people are unusually gifted with an 
acuteness of the senses of hearing and touch. Where the 
kidneys are small or weak, the skin is uncommonly active, 
and assists the kidneys in carrying off the waste of the body. 
These are some few of the ways in which Nature compensates 
for defective and inharmonious organizations. The manifold 
action of the law of Compensation as exhibited in the work- 
ing of the human mind is as wonderful as it is beautiful. I 
shall have space here to offer only a few illustrations, and 
leave the rest for the investigations of my readers. 

If you will observe an individual with very small Self- 
esteem, which is indicated by a short upper lip, you will find 
Imitation, and generally Mirthfulness, correspondingly large. 
The philosophy of this form of compensation is that as small 
Self-esteem produces sensitiveness to the opinions of others, 
Imitation seems given the individual to assist him in enter- 
taining and attracting, while large Mirthfulness gives the 
faculty of amusing and being easily amused, and consequently 
prevents the individual from becoming unhappy through the 
consciousness of the absence of Self-esteem; for any defi- 
ciency which prevents a balanced condition produces a want 
which is instinctively felt. I hold that we all instinctively 
feel what we are, whether we acknowledge it to ourselves or 
not. Actors as a class possess the faculties of Imitation and 
Mirthfulness in a large degree, and most of them will be 
found deficient in Self-esteem, but large in Approbativeness; 
for it is not their own esteem that they desire and which sat- 
isfies them, but the approbation of their audiences. A large 
proportion of them have a short upper lip — relative length 



SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 141 

of the upper lip indicating a good development of Self- 
esteem. An individual with large Self-esteem being self- 
sufficient — that is, more given to regard his own opinion of 
himself that to accept the estimate of others in regard to his 
character — feels no particular sensitiveness as to what others 
think of him, and therefore depends upon himself, just as he 
is, for the power to attract and hold the esteem of others. 
Self-esteem lends dignity to its possessor, and induces a sub- 
stantial and decorous demeanor, which, in itself, has the 
power to fasten the good opinion and attachment of others, 
and he therefore needs none of the fascinations of imitative 
talent to attract friends to himself. Indeed, every one could 
not be attracted by the same qualities, and so Nature gives 
this infinite variety and diversity for the satisfaction of our 
minds and for the varied uses of mankind. 

Where Friendship is lacking, we often see Benevolence 
compensating the character. Where Constructiveness is 
wanting, Size and Form assist, by an increased development, 
in making the individual useful in some branch of mechanical 
art. This system of Compensation inheres in the entire men- 
tal constitution. Later on, I shall refer to this subject and 
to the localizing of traits. Enough, however, of the compen- 
satory action of the mind has been shown to illustrate its 
method. 

PKOPORTION. 

A correct knowledge of the laws of Proportion governing 
the human physiognomy and organism will not be found to 
accord with the laws of proportion as taught in the schools 
of art. Science has wrought a mighty change in nearly every 
department of knowledge. It is possible that a wide-spread 
understanding of the laws of physiognomy as manifested in 
Nature may also create a revolution in art. The Greek ideal 
of symmetry, to which the ages have given their assent, will 
be found to be based on mathematical calculation, and it is 
from this cold and mechanical idea of what constitutes beauty 



142 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

that the modern conceptions of beauty and proportion are 
taken. Winkleman, criticising the Greek profile, says, "The 
nearer the approach to the perpendicular, the less is there 
characteristic of the wise or graceful." 

Philosophy was the first means of breaking down the bar- 
riers to a scientific understanding of the laws of matter, of 
mind, and of the relations of man to the universe. Philos- 
ophy is the vanguard, which, breaking down the preconceived 
erroneous ideas of beauty and symmetry, precedes the natu- 
ral, and therefore scientific, understanding of what is real 
beauty and true proportion in man. Victor Cousin, from 
whose admirable "Essay on the Beautiful" I quote, says: 
"The most important element in the beautiful is the moral 
idea. Unity and variety should be impressed with it, and 
serve only to exhibit it. The beautiful is simply moral beauty. " 

A scientific comprehension of the law of Proportion as 
shown in the human face will unfold more beauties than 
Greek art ever conceived. My understanding of beauty, as 
disclosed by Physiognomy, is based on the idea that the 
moral beauty exhibited in the countenance and form consti- 
tutes true beauty. 

True greatness in the moral, mechanical, and mental con- 
stitution of man is not accompanied by any such law of pro- 
portion as the Greek or any other school of art has set forth. 
Nothing is more indicative of selfish will and heartless char- 
acter than the so-called Greek profile. Lavater, the great 
intuitional physiognomist, says, in discussing its significa- 
tion: "Depraved is the taste which can call this graceful, 
and, therefore, it must be, far from majestic. I should wish 
neither a wife, mother, sister, friend, relation, nor goddess 
to possess a countenance so cold, insipid, affected, stony, un- 
impassioned, or so perfectly a statue." 

A scientific interpretation of the face will reveal more 
beauties than the ordinary observer has any idea of; for 
when he comes to attach meanings to expressions which in- 
dicate beauties of character, he will regard them quite differ- 
ently than when in his ignorance they signified nothing to 



SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 143 

him; and when an intelligent observer looks with the eye of 
understanding upon the countenances about him, his sense 
of the beautiful will be gratified beyond expression. A new 
world will open to him, and I predict that with a general 
diffusion of physiognomical knowledge a complete revolution 
in religion, art, hygiene, and government will be brought 
about. 

Proportion is as potent a factor in determining character 
as Form, Size, or Quality; and yet an arbitrary system based 
on mathematical measurement cannot be set up, for the rea- 
son that such great diversity of form and size exists in which 
symmetrical character is exhibited. If we were to form a 
standard of beauty, and take for the standard those faces in 
which the most moral goodness or power for usefulness was 
disclosed, we should then have a more elevating aud intelli- 
gent model than those already observed, which teach that 
beauty consists in mathematical proportions mainly, and not 
in those proportions and expressions which reveal somethiug 
inward, something of moral grandeur or useful talent of a 
high order. 

As has been shown, each of the five systems of the body 
produces a form peculiar to itself, and every human being 
possesses an admixture of some of each of these forms. It 
will, therefore, be apparent to the observer that the law of 
Compensation is more potent in forming Proportion than any 
other factor. If these systems were always blended in every 
form in exact proportions, we might then be able to realize 
the ideals of art in living forms, but this would not produce 
that differentiation of types which is needed to supply the 
varied wants of humanity. To carry out the idea of "di- 
versity in unity," which is the ruling idea observed in pro- 
gressive Nature, we must have constant modifications, which 
will, of course, produce ever varying forms and counte- 
nances. This comprehensive differentiation results in higher 
development of species. It is a law throughout Nature that 
the greater the variety, the higher the power for development 
and progress. 



144 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The law of scientific proportion and beauty to be observed 
in the human face is illustrated in those countenances in 
which all of the features, working together, express to the 
scientific reader a balanced condition of the mind, and con- 
sequently of the body. In a subsequent chapter you will 
learn somewhat of the practical effect of proportion when I 
come to treat of the form, size, and locality of the signs of 
character. Well proportioned forms have excellent assurance 
of longevity, because the several parts of the body and mind 
being equal, the wear and tear of life, or any unusual strain 
upon the organism, will meet with equal resistance, and thus 
no part will give way first. 

HABMONY. 

The law of Harmony, as exemplified in the action of the 
human organism, is the last grand proof of that intelligence 
and design which preside over all of Nature's works. Every 
part of each separate individual is adapted to every other 
part of that individual. The physical harmonizes with the 
mental, and vice versa. When Nature creates great love of 
the artistic she provides some way for its expression, either 
by tongue, pen, brush, or chisel. Where she gives large ca- 
pacity for mechanical invention, the physical frame will be 
found built on the plan which will facilitate the carrying out 
of this power to the highest degree. Whenever a man pos- 
sesses large mental power for planning grand enterprises in 
commerce or war, his physical endowment is such as to assist 
in forwarding his schemes. , And thus, all through the human 
organism this law of Harmony will be observed asserting its 
supremacy. 

In the same way the external is always indicative of the 
internal. If you observe an individual in whom the nostrils 
are large, you will always find the lungs corresponding in 
size; if the nostrils are round, the lungs will have the same 
shape; if long and narrow, the lungs will possess the same 
form. In the same way, long, thin, bony fingers b.elong to 



SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. ] 45 

a physique tall and bony. The science of Palmistry, once 
so popular, was based on this law of Harmony, and involved 
a knowledge of Physiognomy and Comparative Anatomy. 
When you come to understand the principles of Physiog- 
nomy, you will be able to tell much of the character from 
the hand, the foot, or from the hair, for the principles of 
Harmony are at the foundation, and the signs are infallible, 
the same as in all of Nature's works. You will never find 
coarse hair or coarse skin accompanying one possessed of 
great mental endowment. Whenever you discover the texture 
of the skin to be fine, you will find in the individual fine hair 
and decided mental activity and capacity. In this, as in all 
things, the external harmonizes with the internal, and is evi- 
dential of it. The proofs and indications of Harmony are all 
over the entire organism, as much in the hands as in the 
face, as much in the foot as in the figure. Indeed, a skillful 
observer, after careful study of these principles, and after 
due observation, should be able to tell from one finger, or a 
lock of hair even, very much of the individual to whom they 
belong. It is simply Comparative Anatomy put into practice. 

COLOR. 

Deep colors are indicative of heat, and therefore of great 
activity. All through Nature this principle holds good : that 
dark-skinned persons, with dark eyes and hair, have more 
intense passions and emotions than light persons. Love, 
jealousy, and revenge are all most active with dark people. 
It is the same with dark or black animals; a black horse is 
,more fiery in his disposition than a white one, and less 
teachable. You will always see white Or cream-colored 
horses employed in a circus as trick horses, on account of 
their superior intelligence and docility. Light persons and 
races are found to be more progressive than those of dark 
color. As their passions and emotions are not so intense, 
they are more capable of improvement. 

The colors of the human race proceed from the minerals 



146 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in the earth, conveyed through the medium of foods, and 
from the air and light. Every mineral has its own color; 
the deeper the color, the more powerful its effect; just as 
with men of dark complexion, they have more powerful 
passions. The same law follows right up from the mineral 
to man. Color, like all the primitive characteristics of man, 
was intended, in the first place, as all evidence shows, for 
the protection and preservation of the organism. Those in 
whom the coloring pigment or matter is wanting are weaker 
than those who have a normal supply. We see this quite 
often in young persons who are growing too fast. Enough 
coloring matter is riot taken into the system by the medium 
of the food or by exercise in sunlight; hence, the skin fails 
to get its proper supply. The pallor produced indicates 
enfeebled conditions of other parts of the organism. 

Haeckel, in his "History of Creation," treating of the in- 
fluence of color, says: " Yery frequently, albinoes are more 
feebly developed, and consequently the whole structure of the 
body is more delicate and weak than in colored animals of the 
same species. The organs of the senses and nervous system 
are in like manner curiously affected when there is a defi- 
ciency of coloring pigment. The want of the usual coloring 
matter goes hand in hand with certain changes of the forma- 
tion of other parts — for example, of the Muscular and Osse- 
ous systems — consequently, of organic systems which are 
not at all ultimately connected with the system of the outer 
skin." He also says: " White cats with blue eyes are nearly 
always deaf. White horses are distinguished from colored 
horses by their liability to form sarcomatous tumors. In 
man, also, the degree of development of pigment in the outer 
skin greatly influences the susceptibility of the organism for 
certain diseases; so that, for instance, Europeans with a 
dark complexion and brown eyes become more easily accli- 
matized to tropical countries, and are less subject to the dis- 
eases there prevalent — inflammation of the liver, yellow 
fever, etc. — than Europeans of white complexion, fair hair, 
and blue eyes." 






SUB -BASIC PRINCIPLES. 147 

All bright colored insects, beetles, butterflies, and birds 
have the color sense very large. They seek out the brighest 
flowers and foliage for their enjoyment, and thus this sense 
is increased and transmitted from generation to generation. 
Tropical forests, which they love to frequent, must be gor- 
geous in the extreme, with their brilliant flowers and foliage 
and their many beautifully colored birds and insects. To 
one with the color sense largely developed, this sight must 
be inexpressibly beautiful and satisfying. 

The secondary use of color in man is to assist him in 
comprehending its nature and harmonies for industrial and 
artistic purposes. Deep color in the skin, hair, and eyes is 
indicative of a love of color and an appreciation of its har- 
monies and blendings. I venture to affirm that no great 
color-artist ever existed who was possessed of very fair hair 
and very light eyes and a colorless skin. Lavater understood 
this principle, for he says: "We read the coloring of Guido 
and Guericino in their countenances." Dr. Simms also lays 
this down as a principle in man's organism, and gives as a 
sign for the color sense, "deep color of the hair, eyes, and 
complexion." My experience has led me to observe that the 
color sense may be imperfect where the eyes and hair are 
dark, and the skin pallid or not clear. It is necessary that 
color should be well defined in the entire organism to give 
the color sense its highest power. Persons who have the 
color sense the best developed are, without doubt, those who 
have inherited large, strong lungs. This enables them to 
inhale copious draughts of air, which serve to oxygenate and 
thus color the blood. By this process, the color of the skin 
and eyes is deepened, and thus the color sense is enhanced. 

The creatures which are best endowed with the color 
sense, next to man, are the birds. Their existence is passed 
in the open air; the atmosphere permeates their entire body; 
even the bones of birds contain air-cells. These, undoubt- 
edly, serve a two-fold purpose : they assist the bird in flying, 
just as the lungs assist man in swimming; and they also 
serve to carry oxygen into its organism, and thus assist the 



148 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

lungs in their work of oxygenation. The air thus introduced 
conduces to color their plumage, and this being transmitted 
and intensified by inheritance, it is not strange that the birds 
whose lives are passed in the higher atmospheres should be 
the finest colored. Marsh birds, and those who live near 
the ground, are not so highly colored as those who live upon 
trees and in the higher atmosphere. Flowers, likewise, 
being always exposed to the sun's rays and to the open air, 
are gorgeous with the hues of the rainbow. 

This exposition of the sub-basic principles of Physiognomy 
will teach the reader that, in the task of analyzing character, 
very many principles are involved and must be considered in 
order to render a just reading of the face. Besides the 
requisites here mentioned for consideration, there are many 
expressions which have been acquired by long use or misuse, 
which always leave their impress indelibly stamped upon the 
countenance. A man can no more work as a blacksmith for 
years without showing the increase of muscle in his arms, 
than can one use constantly the same set of muscles in the 
face without their leaving a permanent indication of such 
use. By watching closely the movements of the mouth in 
talking, one can form a very good estimate of the kind of 
language which that mouth has been accustomed to utter — 
whether it be kind, gentle, and loving, or cross, peevish, 
bad-tempered, and profane. The record is indelible, and 
cannot easily be erased or changed, except by long practice 
in another direction. All abuses of the physical functions 
write their record upon the face. The dram drinker, the 
sensualist, the glutton, as well as the sneak and liar, may all 
be detected by a close observer who has learned to apply 
the rules of scientific Physiognomy. 

Of this tendency of the muscles to reveal long continued 
states of mental and physical abuse, Dr. John Cross remarks: 
"It lies with Physiognomy to detect the impostor; for, how- 
ever well he may manage to jabber about morality, honor, or 
even religion, yet he cannot hinder the muscles without from 



THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 149 

obeying the central impulse; nor can he prevent an organ 
whose function is perverted from falling, according to the 
self-accommodating power, into color, size, and shape most 
suitable to the performance of this perverted function." 



CHAPTER VI 



THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 



" No impartial judge can doubt that the roots, as it were, of those great faculties 
which confer on Man his immeasurable superiority above all other animate things 
are traceable far down in the animal world." — Huxley. 

This age is peculiarly one of invention, of scientific re- 
search, investigation, and demonstration. The invention of 
the numerous and varied instruments used in the discovery 
of the laws and application of the apparently inexhaustible 
forces of Nature proves to us that there is nothing created in 
vain. Recent discoveries in light, color, sound, and the 
atmospheres are opening to us a world composed of the most 
subtle powers in the great laboratory of Nature. Examine 
them as we will, destructive as many seem, they have each a 
use in the great scheme of Nature. Electricity is a creator 
and a destroyer; light tears down and rebuilds; the atmos- 
pheres tend to both life and death. The forces which seem 
beneficent act also a malevolent part. Why is this? — why 
does God permit sin ? 

These are questions which theologians have grappled with, 
unsuccessfully, for centuries. It is only the scientist who, 
aided by a persistent and intelligent " interrogation of Nat- 
ure," can answer these questions. The invariable conclu- 
sion will be, that everything has its use and place in the 
world; that nothing is made in vain; that thunder and light- 
ning are useful; that birds and beasts of prey are necessary. 
Even snakes, gnats, flies, fleas, and other destructive and 
annoying creatures, have their use in the world. 



150 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

So, in the human family, all those passions which, unre- 
strained and not balanced by justice and reason, cause 
destruction and suffering, are just as necessary and just as 
useful in the human economy as the most moral and intel- 
lectual traits. Jealousy, revenge, suspicion, resistance, se- 
cretiveness, and conceit are, in the present degree of human 
development, a natural and necessary accompaniment. We 
are in the transition state, moving from the lower to the 
higher. Human nature, like all growths, has its order of 
progress, marked by laws which are unerring. It is our 
province to seek these laws and apply them, in order to facil- 
itate man's rise to that high and holy estate which is his 
destiny. 

The first step toward this much desired result must be to 
understand the meanings of the forms and faces about us; 
next, what causes produce them; and then, to make use of 
this knowledge to create higher types. The only reparation 
we can make to the world for our failings, is to assist in 
perpetuating a race which shall be as noble as the laws of 
science can create. How many persons, observing the action 
of love, jealousy, revenge, suspicion, secretiveness, self- 
conceit, and the like, stop to reflect, for one moment, on the 
cause or rationale of any of these passions and traits ? The 
major part of the world live in their instincts, as do the 
animals, but without the restraints which hold the animal to 
the due observance of the laws of his being, and which pre- 
vent him from making the stupid and miserable failures in 
modes of living, propagation, etc., which man, with all his 
boasted reason and freedom of action, is constantly repeating 
over and over again. Most persons love and perpetuate the 
race instinctively, without seeking or wanting any other guide 
than their feelings in the matter. Is this worthy such an 
exalted character as the latest development of Evolution 
claims for himself? 

Love, or Amativeness, is the fundamental faculty of the 
organism. Like all other faculties, it has its physical and 



THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 151 

mental aspects. In its normal development, it is the most 
beautiful and conservative of all the traits. It binds to- 
gether hearts and homes, which serve to make the founda- 
tions of society and government sure. Like all other facul- 
ties, it is exhibited in different degrees and manner by each 
individual. The location in the face is in the chemical or 
moral group, and in close proximity to Love of Children, 
Mirthfulness, and other domestic faculties. 

When possessed in a large degree, in combination with 
Constructiveness, it is most potent in producing the varied 
kinds of creative talent and art; and all who have excelled 
in the originating of ideas in every department of literature, 
in sculpture, in painting, and in dramatic representation or 
fiction — in short, all those who have shown themselves cre- 
ative to any great degree — have possessed the procreative 
power in their physical organization in a marked manner. 
Exhibited largely, and with a moral balance, it makes the 
man very much of a man, the woman very much of a woman; 
and such persons will be more influential in their community 
than those deficient in this faculty. The latter are the small 
and impoverished characters one meets with, each hating the 
opposite sex, being hated in return; and this arises from the 
fact that such are not sufficiently sexed to appreciate their 
opposites. This faculty, exhibited in its physical develop- 
ment, without a balancing degree of Conscientiousness, leads 
to licentiousness and a violation of Nature's laws, and these 
are sure to entail suffering on its possessor and on all who 
come under its influence. This should warn us to observe 
the law of Nature in regard to the normal use of this faculty, 
for every function has a law for its government and protec- 
tion. Each should seek this law for himself, since that law 
which may be binding on one does not necessarily involve 
every organization; although the Seventh Commandment 
should be binding on all. Each has a law peculiar to his 
own organization^ which should be religiously observed. 
Indeed, religion should commence with the perpetuation of 
the race. I refer now to that religion which is the living up 



152 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to natural law, and which, if rightly understood and observed 
as the laws of Physiology and Hygiene teach, would soon 
give us a race born under the law of true religion, who would 
become a blessiDg to themselves and the world at large. 

Jealousy is commonly thought to be the necessary accom- 
paniment of Love, and a proof of it. A scientific analysis of 
this passion shows it to be the result of an unbalanced con- 
dition. Wherever we find perception or justice lacking, or 
where the reasoning powers are not active, we will find this 
trait running riot. Shakspeare says of this passion, that 
"it makes the food it feeds on," and this is usually the 
case. "Perfect love casteth out fear," and perfect love has 
no need of such base company as jealousy. It is a standing 
insult and menace for one individual to be constantly jealous 
of another without exact proof. Persons with small Self- 
esteem are also subject to this passion. They are so con- 
stantly depreciating themselves that they naturally and in- 
stinctively infer that any one else is preferred to them; that 
is, they feel it to be so. Of course, they do not reason on 
it, not knowing the philosophy of this trait, and not know- 
ing, either, where to locate it in the face. 

Revenge, like its kindred passion, Jealousy, is more largely 
developed among the dark races than among the light people; 
for, as in the animal kingdom, the darker the skin the less 
developed the organization. So, also, is jealousy more active 
when found among dark-skinned people, with dark or black 
eyes. I have never seen this trait in excess in a well balanced 
organization. We will often find it large in those whose will 
is in excess of their reason and justice. Their "will is law" 
to them, and when they cannot enforce it upon others they 
seek to be revenged, believing that they are wronged. In 
some, a deficiency of the practical faculties will cause this 
trait. This defect prevents the possessor from seeing the 
acts of others in their true light, and he consequently thinks 
himself an injured individual, and meditates revenge for his 



THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 153 

supposed injury. This trait is found most active with mus- 
cular people, especially if they be dark, and is often accom- 
panied with a large degree of Secretiveness. 

Whenever Secretiveness is observed in an unusual degree 
in an organization we naturally infer that there is something 
to conceal, something deficient for which secretiveness is the 
compensation. It is a fine veil which Nature gives to hide a 
defect in either the mental, moral, or practical part of the 
organism. Some beasts of prey possess this faculty in a 
large degree. This is their normal condition. Having no 
mental or mechanical powers, as has man, to assist in pro- 
curing food, this faculty is needed by them for this purpose. 
Lions, tigers, wolves, cats, foxes, opossums, and all animals 
with the muscular system predominating, are most largely 
endowed with this, propensity. Like its kindred passions, 
jealousy, revenge, and suspicion, it proceeds from a want of 
balance in the faculties; a lack of proper development of the 
reasoning faculties, Causality and Comparison, will produce 
it; a deficiency in Friendship or Human Nature will cause it; 
but wherever it is manifested one or more of these deficien- 
cies will be found. Want of common honesty and upright- 
ness of intention is sometimes the reason that Nature has 
provided this veil to assist the unfortunate possessor in 
making his way through the world. Secretiveness is given 
to animals to enable them both to avoid and to prey upon 
each other. Many persons having this trait are often con- 
sidered very wise, owing to the careful and deliberate man- 
ner which they use in conversation. It is well that Nature 
has put this check upon their tongues, for if reason, justice, 
perception, or friendliness do not accompany the utterance 
of their thoughts, they would inevitably be led into more 
trouble than they could easily extricate themselves from; 
hence this check. Some mistake cunning or craft for wis- 
dom. With persons in whom Secretiveness predominates 
the flexor muscles are more active than with others, often in- 
ducing a constricted state of the bowels and glandular sys- 
11 



154 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tern, and particularly affecting the liver, causing biliousness, 
jaundice, and other derangements of this organ. 

Suspicion. — Comparison and Causality working together 
will arrive at and comprehend motives. The reason why one 
suspects the action of others is because he does not possess 
sufficient Causality to perceive the cause of their actions and 
motives, and therefore substitutes his suspicions; or he may 
be possessed of so little sense of justice as not to be able to 
comprehend common honesty in others, and therefore sus- 
pects that they are like himself; or else the perceptive powers 
may be lacking. But whatever produces suspicion, a defect 
will always be found in the organization as the exciting cause. 
In a work of this size it will be impossible to state at length 
these theories. Enough is given to show the methods of the 
action of the various passions in the human mind and body, 
and to arouse the student to the observation and research 
necessary to a correct understanding of these traits. 

Anger, Will, or Temper, as it is sometimes termed, is a 
hydra-headed monster, manifold in its motives and action. 
Most phases of anger are detrimental to mental power and 
destructive to health. Only what may be called "righteous 
indignation" — that is to say, the indignation resulting from 
perceiving an infraction of the laws of justice or morality — 
is ennobling to the individual and conduces to strengthen 
both health and moral perception. This is the legitimate use 
of anger, and it should be reserved for such purposes. To 
become enraged at animals is at once wicked and stupid, and 
serves to show the superiority of animals to man. Nothing 
indicates the coward more than cruelty to our domestic ani- 
mals, who give us faithful, gentle, uncomplaining service, 
and often die in harness while working for our benefit. The 
law justly takes cognizance of such treatment. These creat- 
ures are of our own flesh and blood, and we are not their 
equals in some things, although we may possess some quali- 
ties which are superior, but treating them cruelly and inhu- 
manly is not the way to prove it. 



THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 155 

Selfishness is one of the traits of human nature which has 
two entirely distinct and opposite methods of action and pur- 
pose — one of which may be commended, the other repre- 
hended. Selfishness, like all other faculties, has its use and 
purpose in the human economy. Its primal and essential 
property is the preservation of the body, and to provide for 
its perpetuation and maintenance. Its next legitimate use is 
for the protection and sustentation of those who are depend- 
ent upon us. All manifestations of selfishness which seek 
to please self, and to acquire by the suffering, misery, and 
unhappiness of others, are wrong and should be repressed. 
Speaking for myself, if I wished to pursue the most selfish 
course with the view of gaining the most, I would act the 
most unselfish and benevolent part in order to gain my pur- 
pose, for we get in this world very much what we give. If 
we strew our pathway through life with love, kindness, sym- 
pathy, noble deeds, justice, and gentleness, we will receive 
back the same with interest; but if, on the contrary, we 
pursue a malevolent career, and deal out hatred, malice, con- 
tempt, jealousy, suspicion, secretiveness, and anger, we will 
reap a harvest of these passions a thousand fold. 

An undue degree of selfishness is indicative of an unde- 
veloped nature. This trait is both inherited and acquired; 
increases by use, and in excess causes unhappiness to its 
possessor. The most selfish people are never the happiest; 
they cut themselves off from the pleasures and enjoyments of 
the benevolent, and thus limit the range of their happiness. 
They belong to that class which Lavater describes thus: 
" Which desires much but enjoys little, and whoever enjoys 
little gives little." 

I have never studied a character which possessed an excess 
of selfishness that did not have also some serious deficiency 
in the mental or moral construction. Like the other passions 
treated of in this chapter, it shows undevelopment. The 
dark races are, as a rule, more selfish than the light ones; 
dark people are more selfish than light ones. They are less 
perfect, less progressive, generally. 



156 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

All Nature attests this truth, that the more refined the per- 
son the lighter the color; It is the same with animals. The 
most destructive, revengeful, and jealous are the darkest, 
while the white or mixed colors are the most docile, amia- 
ble, and teachable. This is a general principle. Of course, 
there are exceptions; some undeveloped light persons being- 
more selfish than very highly organized dark persons. 

The excessive exercise and indulgence of jealousy, suspi- 
cion, secretiveness, and anger produce morbid and abnormal 
conditions of health, and herein is another proof of the rela- 
tion of the physical organs to mental conditions. Many 
infants, even, have been made ill with jealousy by the pet- 
ting and attentions bestowed by the mothers or nurses upon 
another child. Anger indulged in has wrecked the health of 
many. Suspicion turns often to insanity, and secretiveness 
to nonentity almost. Jealousy, the meanest and lowest of 
the passions, leads to murder and suicide, and self-conceit in 
excess to insanity. These excesses should be avoided, not 
only for our own preservation, but for the sake of those who 
are to inherit our individuality. All traits that are cultivated 
and indulged in are transmitted with increased power, and 
we have in this way the ability to become the benefactors of 
the race or to curse it beyond redemption. 

Hippocrates, the celebrated Greek physician and physiog- 
nomist, says of envy: "The effects of envy are visible even 
in children ; they become thin, and easily fall into consump- 
tion. Envy takes away the appetite and sleep, and causes 
feverish motion; it produces gloom, shortness of breath, im- 
patience, restlessness, and a narrow chest." The possession 
of all these passions is antagonistic not only to the health of 
the possessor, but very much against his interest. Their 
action produces misery and unhappiness, both to the subject 
and the object. These conditions can be remedied by seek- 
ing out the defect, and making a constant struggle to cor- 
rect it. 

Self-conceit is perhaps the most harmless of this class of 
traits, but at the same time is ever offensive. Like all other 



THEORIES OF CERTAIN TRAITS. 157 

faculties, it lias its use and purpose. Nature has made 
nothing in vain, and so there would seem to be wisdom even 
in giving one an undue share of this petty trait. Where it 
is observed to predominate in an organization, it will be 
found to proceed from a lack of balance, as in the case of the 
preceding traits mentioned in this chapter. It is sometimes 
caused by merely a want of good taste, a deficiency in Ideal- 
ity, by a lack of the perceptive or reflective power, or by 
dense obtuseness of the mental faculties generally. There 
are various other causes which produce it; but whatever the 
cause, it is designed to make up to its possessor the absence 
of something, which, if felt too keenly, would render him un- 
happy; so, Conceit, coming to his relief, puts him "on good 
terms with himself," and therefore has its use. 

I have sometimes observed this trait very large in persons 
possessing real merit in some directions, but lacking in 
others. Conceit gives a sense of self-satisfaction, which is 
needed by its possessor just as long as he has the deficiency 
for which this is the compensation. If, on learning that he 
has a defect, and in what it consists, he would strive to rem- 
edy it by cultivating the defective trait or traits, he would 
soon be able to develop a more harmonious condition, and 
conceit would diminish or disappear entirely. Dwarfs and 
deformed persons are invariably conceited; the compensa- 
tory power of self-conceit in these cases is well illustrated; 
in such it is useful, and prevents unhappiness. 

All these deficiencies can be remedied in a great degree, 
and sometimes eradicated, by a careful and scientific analysis 
of character and a settled determination to improve it. The 
laws of Physiognomy, thoroughly comprehended, will be the 
guide to that result; individual determination must do the 
rest. This improvement must be undertaken in a religious 
spirit, reflecting that all our actions, mentally, morally, and 
physically, affect not only ourselves, but go down to poster- 
ity, and curse or bless, for ages to come, all who inherit our 
blood even in the remotest degree. 



158 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The man whose life is passed with reference only to him- 
self, without regard to children and children's children, is 
little better than the brute creature; in some respects he is 
worse, for the brute is not characterized by any such selfish- 
ness as this course would imply. There can be no motive 
more honorable in man than the desire to transmit to his 
offspring great and noble qualities, and this result can be ob- 
tained only by leading an honorable and noble life. We may 
endow offspring with fortune, but nobility and talent must 
be inherited; they cannot be bought in the market. 



CHAPTER VII. 

EATIONALE OF PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR SIGNS IN 

THE FACE. 

"Whether the soul be air or fire, I know not; nor am I ashamed, as some men 
are, in cases where I am ignorant, to own that I am so." — Cicebo. 

"It will be understood by the word Mind we do not designate the intellectual 
operations only. But the word Mind has a broader, deeper signification ; it includes 
all sensation, all volition, and all thought ; it means the whole Psychical Life. And 
this psychical life has no one special centre ; it belongs to the whole and animates 
the whole." — Geobge Henby Lewes. 

The plan of this system of physiognomy would be incom- 
plete were I to omit the rationale, or theory, of the action of 
the several organs and systems of functions comprised in the 
human body, and which assist in producing the various so- 
cial, moral, and mental phenomena observed in the actions of 
the individual. Many philosophers have endeavored to as- 
certain the basis of mind; and by mind I mean that class of 
phenomena called reason, sentiment, mental operations, mo- 
rality, the emotions, the passions, such as anger, jealousy, 
fear, hope, love, friendship, etc. 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 



159 




LOCATION OF THE SIGNS FOE THE DIFFERENT VISCERAL ORGANS 
AND BODILY FUNCTIONS. 

A — The Kidneys. The sign for the kidneys is known by the width of the bony 

structure of the lower part of the chin. 
B — Sign for Digestion, shown by fullness of cheeks at this point. 
C — The Glands. A full rolling moist under lip indicates a good development of the 

glandular system. 
D — The Reproductive System. Full red moist upper lip is its facial record. 
E— Sign for the Liver. "Where the septum of the nose projects well downward the 

liver is strong and active. 
F— The Stomach. The higher end broader the nose at this point the more powerful 

is the stomach. 
G — The Muscular System, shown by the size and fullness of the eye, the height of 

the nose between the eyes, and the thickness of the ears. 
H— The Bony System. The projection of the bones of the brow indicates the domi- 
nance of the osseous system. 
J— The Brain and Nerves. The more height and breadth in this division of the 

head, the more power for thought and sensation is exhibited. 
J— The Lungs and Heart. Full wide nostrils, with good color of the skin, denote 

both lung and heart power. 



The action of these is generally considered to be the result 
of brain or will power, with which the interior organs of the 
body have little or nothing to do. Theologians teach us that 



160 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the influences prompting many of the emotional states, such 
as anger, hatred, revenge, jealousy, and the like, are created 
by a spirit denominated a " devil." The acceptance of this 
theory would end all further inquiry on the subject. My 
observations do not corroborate their explanation of these 
phenomena, and I am consequently forced to bring against 
this view the Scotch verdict of "not proven." My theory of 
the passions, so-called, will be found in the chapter on "The- 
ories of Certain Traits," and the face read scientifically will 
corroborate this theory. 

The more recent of the philosophers and writers on the 
origin of mind — Spencer, Lewes, Haeckel, Lindsay, and 
others — have adopted the plan of seeking for the constitu- 
ents, and origin of mind by the investigation of matter; viz., 
in the bodies as well as brains of animal and human organisms. 
And here I believe the problem will be solved. The intro- 
duction of words into our language, representing ideas which 
are as far as scientific demonstration is concerned entirely 
without foundation or support, has caused much confusion in 
the minds of the masses of mankind. Before proceeding in 
this study, the idea of "soul" as being in any way related to 
mind (for at present we can offer no scientific proof that it is 
anything but an idea) must be dismissed. This will clear 
away the hinderances, so that mind can be demonstrated 
through the action of physical phenomena entirely, and with- 
out the complications and confusion which would ensue were 
we to endeavor to prove the origin of the mind by mysteri- 
ous doctrines dependent entirely on speculation and faith for 
their explanation. 

The brain has been considered by most metaphysicians, 
philosophers, and anatomists even, to be the sole source and 
seat of the mind. Recently a dim suspicion has been creep- 
ing into the minds of the more advanced and intelligent ob- 
servers and thinkers that this may be an error. The proofs 
of the theory of the soul and mind, so much dwelt upon by 
the ancient metaphysicians, have no material or tangible 
basis upon which to commence experiment and demonstra- 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 161 

tion, but rest entirely on belief or faith. Hence, in the 
investigation of mind, we are necessarily limited to the ob- 
servation of matter. By confining ourselves to this domain, 
we shall reach conclusions which I believe will be decisive. 

The cerebrum, or front portion of the brain, has for a long 
time been considered by anatomists as the locality where 
thought, emotion, volition, and sensation are in some way 
(unknown) brought into a condition called consciousness. 
By recent experiments upon animals, and through accidents 
to human beings, it is demonstrated that the cerebrum does 
not possess the power formerly attributed to it. Much of it 
has been removed without destroying life and without causing 
the cessation of the principal physical functions. Indeed, 
in one instance, well authenticated by Longet, as quoted by 
Lewes, it is related that "anew-born infant, whose brain 
during the birth had been completely extirpated (to save the 
mother's life), was wrapped in a towel and placed in a corner 
of the room as a lifeless mass. While the surgeon was giving 
all his attention to the mother, he heard with horror a kind 
of murmur proceeding from the spot where the body had 
been placed. Soon a distinct cry was heard, and, to the sur- 
prise of all, this brainless infant was seen struggling, with 
rapid movements of its arms and legs. It cried and gave 
other signs of sensibility for several minutes." 

Mr. Lewes also gives an account taken from the experi- 
ments of Bouillard, a French anatomist, who, he says, re- 
moved the whole of the cerebrum from the brain of a fowl, 
and he thus records his observations of this case: 

"This fowl passes the greater part of her time asleep, but 
she awakes at intervals and spontaneously. When she goes 
to sleep she turns her head on one side, and buries it in the 
feathers of her wing. When she wakes she shakes herself, 
flaps her wings, and opens her eyes. In this respect, there 
is no difference observable between the mutilated and the 
perfect bird. She does not seem to be moved at all by the 
noises about her, but a very slight irritation of the skin suf- 
fices to awaken her instantaneouslv. When the irritation 



162 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ceases, she relapses into sleep. When awake, she is often 
seen to cast rapid glances here and there. If put into a 
cage, she tries to escape, but she comes and goes without any 
purpose or rational design. "When either wing or foot is 
pinched, she withdraws it. When she is laid hold of, she 
struggles to escape and screams; if severely irritated, she 
screams loudly. But it is not only to express pain that she 
uses her voice, for it is by no means rare to hear her cackle 
and cluck spontaneously; that is to say, when no external 
irritation affects her. Her stupidity is profound; she knows 
neither objects nor persons, and is completely divested of 
memory in this respect. Not only does she not know how to 
seek or take food, she does not even know how to swallow it 
when placed in her beak; it must be pushed to her throat. 
Nevertheless, her individuality, her movements, her agita- 
tion, attest that she feels the presence of a strange body. 
In this recital the evidence both of sensation and instinct is 
incontestible to any unprejudiced mind."* 

Dr. Dalton, in giving the result of experiments he per- 
formed in removing the cerebrum of a fowl, says that "it 
was not accompanied with the loss of sight, of hearing, or 
of ordinary sensibility. All of these functions remained, as 
well as voluntary motion." 

This is a mere allusion to the mass of evidence observed 
and collected by different anatomists, all going to prove that 
the brain is not the exclusive seat of sensation and conscious- 
ness. I advise my readers to consult the book from which 
these examples are taken, as well as the later work by the 
same author, entitled "The Physical Basis of Mind." I 
shall bring more of this writer's thoughts in support of the 
positions I take in this system of Physiognomy. My readers 
will pardon the extensive quotation I shall make, for I deem 
it only just to them, to my system and myself, that my the- 
ories should not lack competent authority, an,d that my ideas 
may not be accepted upon my unsustained observation and 
explanation alone. Many of them may seem novel; yet, upon 

* Gr. H. Lewes's "Physiology of Common Life." 



EATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 163 

a close investigation of my premises, they will be found to 
derive their origin and support from Comparative Anatomy, 
Physiology, and cognate sciences. 

Let us listen again to Mr. Lewes, whose opinions and de- 
ductions I value very highly. Comparative Anatomy, he 
says, "is freely invoked when it can sustain the argument in 
favor of the brain or cerebrum being the sole seat of intelli- 
gence, but it is quietly disregarded when it flatly contradicts 
the idea of the brain being the exclusive seat of consciousness 
or sensation. We cannot allow two weights and measures; 
if the evidence furnished by animals is good in one case, it 
is good in another. Now, what says evidence? A survey of 
the vertebrate classes discloses a remarkable correspondence 
between the size and development of the cerebrum, and the 
energy and variety of the mental manifestations. As we pass 
from flshes and reptiles to birds, and from birds to mam- 
mals — from the less intelligent to the more intelligent — we 
notice a decided increase in cerebral development. It is a 
legitimate inference that the one is in some correspondence 
with the other, and that intelligence is one of the functions 
of the cerebrum. Let this be admitted without reservation, 
although the well informed anatomist may have many diffi- 
culties to propound. I now ask what we are to make of the 
fact that multitudes of animals have no cerebrum at all, and 
that even among fishes there is at least one known to be 
without a vestige of it (and zoologists may discover many 
more); so that, unless we pronounce the amphioxus and all 
the invertebrates to be mere machines, without sensation or 
consciousness of any kind, we are forced to admit conscious- 
ness in the absence of the very organ which is said to be its 
exclusive seat. There are two answers open : First, it may be 
said, as it commonly is, that these animals have no intelli- 
gence — only instinct. This may be true; but to make it of 
the slighest use, we must be taught what instinct is, and that 
teaching is yet to seek. Instinct, like chance, is one of the 
words under which men seek to conceal their ignorance from 
themselves. That the actions of a bee or a crab, which 



164 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

manifest sensation, memory, invention of new methods under 
new circumstances — not to mention anger, desire, and some 
unexplained mode of communicating with each other — that 
these are actions of ' blind instinct ' might not be inconceiv- 
able if we knew what instinct really was; but we shall find it 
difficult to conceive how precisely similar phenomena are 
attributed to intelligence when displayed by the dog or 
monkey. It is probable that the bee or the crab has no 
power of forming abstract propositions; it is probable that 
they are unable to carry on trains of thought remote from 
the sensations which are immediately affecting them. Let 
us, for a moment, grant that no invertebrate animal has in- 
telligence, in any sense in which it has pleased man to 
employ the term. Let instinct explain everything, without 
itself needing explanation. It will not remove an iota of the 
objection against the assumption that the cerebrum i's the 
exclusive seat of sensation and volition. The bee may have 
no vestige of intelligence, but you cannot deny that it has 
sensibility and volition; the brainless amphioxus may be a 
very stupid fish, indeed, but you will hardly assert that he 
wants the consciousness, the sensiblity of other fishes. If 
you grant me this, dispute is at an end ; you merely say that 
the cerebrum has certain special functions, among which 
intelligence is one; you do not thereby exclude from other 
ganglia other forms of sensibility." 

Mr. Lewes says, also: "In the same way, the brain of a 
bee is analogous to the brain of a bird. There are many and. 
important differences, but there are fundamental resem- 
blances of structure and connection of property and function. 
It is because they are both formed of ganglionic substances 
that they have both the property of sensibility. It is be- 
cause they are both connected with the organs of special 
sense, and are the chief centres with which, directly or indi- 
rectly, all the nerves are connected, that they both have the 
supreme function of cerebration. This is the teaching of 
Comparative Anatomy, and its lesson is valuable if it shows 
us how the cephalic ganglia of an insect may represent the 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 165 

brain of a vertebrate animal, and thus seem to justify the 
doctrine of the brain being the exclusive seat of conscious- 
ness. It also, and by the same evidence, shows that sensi- 
bility must belong to all ganglia as ganglia, and not to any 
special group. The brain derives its sensibility from its 
ganglionic structure, in which it resembles all other ganglia; 
it derives its functions from the various organs to ivhich this 
sensibility is made subservient by anatomical connection." 

Elsewhere, Mr. Lewes remarks: "I conceive, therefore, 
that Comparative Anatomy irresistibly disproves the notion 
of the brain, or any other ganglionic mass, being the sole 
and exclusive seat of sensibility or consciousness. No one 
will understand these remarks to mean that the brain is not 
one great centre of sensation and volition — the chief and 
dominant organ of the whole psychical mechanism. I have 
said before that it has the noblest functions, but it does not 
exclude the other ganglia from their share in the general con- 
sciousness. In it, all the sensations derived through the 
senses and viscera are summed up, combined, modified, and, 
in some prof oundly mysterious manner, elaborated into ideas. 
In like manner, emotion may be considered as the form of 
cerebral sensibility which is determined by connection with the 
ganglia of visceral sensation." 

Let every fair-minded,, unprejudiced person ask himself 
this question: For what are the ganglia connected with the 
several visceral organs? — what is their use? Why, says 
popular opinion, to carry to the brain the knowledge of the 
condition of those organs. Is that all their office? — is there 
no power evolved from these organs? — do they not sustain 
or create and nourish certain so-called "mental faculties"? 
"Whence, then, is derived the sentiment of Love, for exam- 
ple? — is it manufactured in the brain, and exhibited only 
by the voice, by sentiment? If this were the case, then it 
would result in words only. This sentiment of Love is de- 
rived, in my opinion, from a physical base — from the func- 
tional action of the reproductive system — and results, in 
most cases, in functional activity of this system by reproduc- 



166 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tion. I think the most superficial reasoner will not dispute 
this. Now, if sentiment is derived in one instance from the 
functional action of one visceral organ and its ganglia, or 
plexus, would it not be corroborative evidence as to the ability 
of all the other viscera to produce or create other kinds of senti- 
ment, such as Friendship, Conscientiousness, Love of Young, 
Benevolence, or Cheerfulness? — which last many of the most 
ignorant, even, understand is in some way connected with a 
healthy condition of the liver; for when they observe one 
who is "blue," as they express a despondent state of mind, 
they invariably ascribe it to a "bilious" condition of the 
liver, and correctly so; for Hope, which creates a happy 
disposition, is directly related to the liver; and if the senti- 
ment of Hope depends upon the normal action of that organ, 
how can it be said that Hope is a mental attribute, and cre- 
ated in the brain ? I grant that the liver must be connected 
with the brain, as we know it is by the great sympathetic or 
nervus vagus; but I deny that Hope is manufactured there. 
Its seat and source is in the liver, and depends upon, first, 
its natural construction, or size and quality; and, second, 
upon its normal condition. These two requisites being had, 
we find a cheerful, hopeful individual, with a clear, fertile, 
suggestive mind — so clear, indeed, as to make him highly 
analytical in everything which he observes or does. I know 
all this is antagonistic to the popular idea of mind, of senti- 
ment and emotion; but whence, I ask again, does Mind 
derive its power? Not from the brain alone, because I have 
given you the evidence collected by such eminent students 
as Lewes, Dalton, Longet, and Boulliard, and the opinions 
of others as learned will follow this. I have shown that, in 
the case of the newly born child, movement, respiration, and 
vocal exercise were possible without any brain whatever. 
Now, if this be possible without brain, then the power was 
derived from some other source. I claim that it came from 
the several visceral structures; and the face, which is an 
exact register of the size and power of the various organs in 
the body, will prove to any good observer, who cares to in- 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 167 

vestigate the science with a dispassionate mind, that where 
the signs for size of certain organs are found in the face, the 
mental characteristics which I claim are related to these 
organs will be found coexistent in every iustance. Is this 
fancy or imagination, fact or fiction? The proof is within 
reach of every reader; let him justify my theories, or dis- 
prove them by evidence as conclusive. 

Those who have passed years in the study and investiga- 
tion of any branch of science are presumed to be more 
learned on the subject of their pursuit than those who have 
given it little attention, and I hold that the opinions of the 
former are entitled to the credence and respect of the latter. 
Believing this most fully, I append the following extract 
from the work of Dr. W. Lauder Lindsay, entitled "On 
Mind in the Lower Animals." It will not be without inter- 
est, and is entitled to our respect, in consideration of the 
source whence it emanates. Dr. Lindsay has been for many 
years at the head of an institution for the insane in Scotland, 
and is also a Fellow of the Eoyal Society of England. His 
investigations of diseased mental peculiarities of the insane 
have opened the way to an understanding of the locale of the 
mind, and he states his belief of its location and action thus. 
He remarks: "The student of Comparative Psychology can- 
not too soon divest himself of the erroneous popular idea 
that brain and mind are in a sense synonymous; that the 
brain is the sole organ of the mind; that mind cannot exist 
without brain; or that there is any necessary relation be- 
tween the size, form, and weight of the brain, and the degree 
of mental development. Even in man there is no necessary 
relation between the size, form, and weight of the brain, and 
the degree of mental development, while the phenomena 
of disease in him shows to what extent lesions of cerebral 
substance occur without affecting the mental life. Physiolo- 
gists are gradually adopting or forming a more and more 
comprehensive conception of mind, and are coming to regard 
it as a function or attribute, not of any particular organ or part 
of the body, but of the body as a whole. " Long ago, the illustri- 



168 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ous MiltOD, discoursing of mind and its seat, properly de- 
scribed the human mind as an attribute of man's body as a 
whole. In various forms and words, this view has been 
expressed in recent times by Muller, Lewes, Laycock, Bash- 
man, Bastian, Maudsley, Carpenter, and others. According 
to these authors, the seat of mind is throughout the body 
(Muller); mind pervades the body (Laycock and Bashman); 
mind comprehends the bodily life (Maudsley); psychical life 
has no one especial centre (Lewes); \he whole nervous sys- 
tem is the seat or organ of the mind, the brain being only its 
chief seat or organ (Bastian). The brain, then, is only one 
organ of mind — the organ, it may be said, only of special 
mental functions. The old doctrine or assumption of the 
phrenologists, as represented by Gall and Combe — the doc- 
trine in which they have so greatly prided themselves, and 
foolishly continue to do so — that, namely, which regards the 
brain as the sole organ of the mind, must unquestionably be 
given up. We must henceforth regard the true site, seat, or 
organ of the mind as the whole body, and this is the only sound 
basis on which the comparative psychologist can begin his 
studies. There would be the less difficulty in accepting such 
a basis, were it only borne in view that the muscular as well 
as the nervous system, that muscular action, has an intimate 
relation to mental phenomena, to ideas, as well as to feelings. 
Muscular action is essential in certain, if not in all mental 
processes; e. g., in feeling or emotion, outward muscular ex- 
pression (e. g., facial) and inward ideas and feelings are 
inseparably correlated (Maudsley). 

I might continue this form of evidence indefinitely, but 
will mention but one more proof, and this will show how 
near the eminent anatomist, Sir Charles Bell, came to dis- 
covering all the bases of mind. I quote again from Mr. 
Lewes's ''Physiology." Sir Charles Bell, he says, had a 
strong, but dim, conviction that it was an error to limit sen- 
sation to the action of the special senses. "It appears to 
me," he says, "that the frame of the body, exclusive of the 
special organs of seeing, hearing, etc., is a complex organ — 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 169 

I shall not say of sense, hut which ministers, like the external 
senses, to the mind.''' 

Another of this great anatomist's conceptions was that the 
muscles were a distinct sense. This I have referred to else- 
where. Briefly alluding to this view of Sir Charles Bell, 
Mr. Lewes remarks : 

""Whether it is legitimate or not to elevate this into a dis- 
tinct sense — a rank denied to the glands and alimentary 
canal — may be questionable; but there has long been a gen- 
eral unanimity as to the fact that the muscles are the sources 
of peculiar sensations, such as those of exercise, ^weariness, 
cramp, etc. It has also been admitted that the adjustments 
necessary for all movements, for walking, riding, dancing, 
sitting upright, and so forth, are dependent upon the sensi- 
tiveness of the muscles. The body is balanced by an inces- 
sant shifting of the muscles, one group antagonizing another. 
But this would be impossible unless each muscle were ad- 
justed and co-ordinated by sensation." 

Elsewhere Mr. Lewes remarks: "If every distinct part of 
the organism which is the source of distinct sensation is to 
be called a Sense, we must necessarily include the muscles 
and viscera among the senses; for the sensations derived 
through the muscles are as specific as those derived through 
the eye or tongue; and the glandular sensations are assuredly 
distinct from those of the muscles. The sensations derived 
through the viscera and muscles are not less specific, nor 
less important, than those of eye or ear. We are not at lib- 
erty to reject this fact, because it is capable of proof as 
rigorous as the proof of the existence of Sight or Taste. 
Mind is the sum total of the whole sensitive organism. No 
one exclusive organ of mind can be said to exist." 

I might bring the strongest proofs of my position, that 
mind is to be found in the action of the organs of the several 
viscera and other functions, as well as in the ganglia of the 
entire organism. I could bring the statements of Haeckel, 
of Maudsley, of Herbert Spencer — in fact, of all the more 
advanced thinkers of the world — but the limits of my volume 
12 



170 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

forbid. It is true that no scientist has, so far as I am aware, 
brought forward the main principles which I here present. 
It remains for me to elaborate and carry to a finality my 
theories in my own particular branch of science. At the 
same time, it is a very great recommendation to my theories 
that they receive the support (in any degree, however re- 
mote) of the best and most advanced thinkers. Although 
the task of connecting the proofs has fallen to me, it is both 
a task and a pleasure. It is made the easier for the reason 
that I have the whole world of living animal and human or- 
ganisms from which to derive my proofs. 

I hope that my readers will make use of the faces and 
bodies most accessible to them, and those whose physical 
characteristics they have knowledge of, to investigate and 
verify the, statements and laws here laid down. From these 
physical peculiarities very much of the mental capacity can 
be ascertained. The differences in human mind are known 
by differences in formation of the body, in color, and in in- 
herited quality. Education also modifies natural inclinations, 
but the forms produced by the arrangement of the internal 
organs, and the motive apparatus, the muscles and bones, as 
well as the colors resulting from chemical action, are in 
every case found to be the dominating influences. A few 
moments each day given to comparison of persons pursuing 
different vocations will render the observer in a short time 
quite expert in detecting differences of character, and also 
in proving the source and origin of so-called mental abilities. 
Let him compare, for example, twelve carpenters with twelve 
tavern-keepers or merchants, and these with the same number 
of artists, musicians, and literary persons. Apply the laws 
herein given in each instance, and I believe that all former 
errors and ignorance of the character of man will be modi- 
fied, changed, or entirely dissipated. 

As the announcement and demonstration of Galileo's dis- 
covery of the laws governing the earth and the heavenly 
bodies revolutionized (necessarily) preconceived ideas of our 
planet, its place and rank in the solar system, as well as all 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 171 

popular ideas and beliefs in regard to man, his character and 
destiny, so the discovery of the facts and laws of physiog- 
nomy is bound to revolutionize nearly all existing ideas and 
beliefs regarding man's character, the origin of mind, re- 
ligion, art, and the forms and science of government. It 
must and will change most of the prevalent notions in regard 
to woman, her powers, her rank in Nature, and her ultimate 
position and destiny on earth. 

There is a history attached to the development of every 
organ and function of the body. There is also a history ap- 
pertaining to every faculty of the mind. If these two things 
(faculties and functions) are not correlated, how does it occur 
that they have kept pace with each other ? Why is it that as 
organs and functions have arisen by differentiation certain 
"mental" faculties have appeared simultaneously, and always 
the same functions and the same faculties appear in combina- 
tion? For example, where we find an excess of muscular 
power of fine quality, we observe artistic and emotional abili- 
ties; where we find the Vegetative system paramount, we see 
an utter lack of all literary and artistic conception and abil- 
ity for those works, but always we find the functions of sus- 
tentation, reproduction, respiration, etc., strongly exhibited. 

The argument and proofs are irresistible to any unpreju- 
diced mind, to every fair-minded thinker and observer. A 
superficial observer may not see nor accept the proofs, but I 
think that it may be conceded that a period of thirty years 
spent in constant research, in this as well as kindred sciences, 
has not ended in bringing forward vain delusions and chi- 
meras. I hope that nothing which I have written will be 
taken for granted without evidence. A reasonable proof 
should always be demanded. At the same time, a man who 
denies what he cannot disprove, or who accepts anything 
without reasonable evidence, is either guilty of a want of 
common honesty or possesses a very narrow intellect. Let 
none of my readers be found in either class. In entering 
into the consideration of the rationale of physical functions 
and their signs in the face, I give only those signs for organs 



172 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and functions which long observation warrants me in consid- 
ering as established beyond a doubt. I am not perfectly 
sure as to the others, and therefore refrain from indicating 
them. Time and observation will, I believe, assist in locating 
them all. The signs of the most important ones are, how- 
ever definitely located. While proceeding with the consid- 
eration of this subject, the reader will please keep the fact in 
view that the primary use of every function and faculty is 
for the sustentation, preservation, and perpetuation of the 
individual; the secondary use is intended (if we may judge 
from Evolution) for the progress of mankind toward a higher 
development of the human family. 

Let us commence our investigations in the Chemical or 
underlying division, and analyze the signs in the chin. 

Conscientiousness. — The width of the chin, caused by 
width of its bony structure, denotes Conscientiousness; also 
the strength and action of the kidney system. A narrow, 
retreating chin shows that the kidneys are narrow and small; 
a broad, bony chin announces broad kidneys and relative 
breadth at the "small of the back," as it is termed. By the 
kidney system I mean, not only the kidneys, but the several 
ducts and the bladder, as well as all the apparatus included 
in the performance of its functions; that is to say, all of the 
fluid circulation of the body concerned in the excreting of 
the fluid waste, and the fluid upbuilding of the entire body. 
Taking into consideration that, inasmuch as seventy-five per 
cent, of the human organism is composed of water, and the 
importance of water as a fluid solvent of all the materials 
taken into the system, as well as its very important office as 
the carrier of all the materials through the veins and absorb- 
ent and secretory tubes, to the several tissues involved in the 
human organism, it must be apparent that upon the power 
and activity of the fluid and kidney systems man depends 
very largely for the purity and integrity of his physical 
powers; hence, of his moral nature. If the kidney system is 
not capable of excreting the waste of the fluid circulation, it 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 173 

is thrown back or retained in the body, thus destroying the 
soundness and integrity of the whole organism; or if it fail, 
as a common carrier, to convey the particles of lime and 
other materials needed in sustaining the power of the Bony 
system; or if the fluid circulation is incompetent to perform 
its mission in conveying other materials in their right pro- 
portion to their several destinations; the organism will suffer 
from an unbalanced condition in its physical as well as moral 
development. We cannot separate cause from effect; one 
cannot be moral without the physical powers first possess 
purity, integrity and equilibrium, in their components and 
action. Some may object to this showing of the dependence 
of the moral powers on the physical functions, as antagonistic 
to Theology. Now, if we could demonstrate morality with- 
out the organs and members of the body, this theory would 
be untenable. If Theology cannot agree with the laws of 
God as shown through the laws of Nature, so much the 
worse for Theology. 

Morality is related to the use of the members and organs 
of the body; we cannot be immoral without using them. We 
can be neither moral nor immoral in thought alone. It is by 
the improper use or diseased conditions of our organs and 
members that we can become immoral. Morality is not a 
sentiment at all; it is not a matter of belief or speculation, 
but a living, actual reality, related to the right use of our 
physical powers. Almost every individual will admit that 
certain persons look more honest or moral than certain others; 
also, that some are very sensual looking. The investigation 
of their conduct often proves that their lives and their looks 
correspond. Now, what creates this correspondence? — and 
what causes the difference between moral and immoral per- 
sons? Is it the nature of their surroundings alone? No; 
for, with equal opportunities and temptations, some are able 
to conduct themselves with more morality than others. Is it 
not, then, in inherited organisms? — is it not in certain com- 
binations of organs, bones, blood, muscle, and tissue, so 
placed as to produce certain forms, which, by virtue of 



174 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

these inherited forms, the individual is able to be either 
moral or immoral? Is it possible for ns to know how these 
moral or immoral qualities are produced, and are we not 
capable of understanding which forms are most inclined to 
morality or immorality? I claim that all this can be known; 
and not only that all these qualities can be detected, but 
that, by judicious mingling of forms and systems, vices can 
be bred out, and virtues bred into the human family, just as 
it is done with the lower animals. What we need to know 
is, first, the meanings of the several organ-systems and forms 
of the body; and then a wise and judicious combination of 
these principles, add^d to hygienic diet and health condi- 
tions, and moral and intellectual surroundings. 

Firmness. — Firmness, denoted by length downward and 
forward of the ramus, or lower jawbone, shows power in the 
individual to resist disease by the exercise of a firm and 
persevering determination to recover, as well as the power 
to persevere in a course calculated to restore health. This 
faculty being related to the Bony system, indicates that there 
is organic power — the power which the conscientious nature 
of bone yields — and this is useful in combating diseased 
conditions. The face of Dr. Tanner (who recently undertook 
the task of fasting forty days, and succeeded) exhibits this 
faculty in a remarkable degree. His firmness and persever- 
ance contributed materially to his success, while the superior 
bony structure which he possesses shows that the kidney 
system is uncommonly well developed. These two faculties — 
Conscientiousness and Firmness — will carry one through not 
only great physical, but also great moral disorders, and en- 
able their possessors to stand upon principle against a world 
of opposition. Had Dr. Tanner exhibited equal power in 
other parts of his mind and body, but without Firmness, he 
could not have accomplished his self-imposed task. 

Digestion, or Alimentiveness. — Digestion has its principal 
sign in the face located on either side of the mouth, and is 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 175 

known by fullness of the lower part of the cheek. This is 
the most prominent sign, in infancy, of good assimilative 
and nutritive powers. It is true that the signs of good di- 
gestion are to be found all over the person, and the bones 
will be well covered with adipose tissue where this function 
is vigorous. There is a seeming want of inductive ratiocina- 
tion on the part of the majority of persons, who, while they 
recognize this sign for one physical function in the face — 
viz., that of good digestive powers — look no farther for the 
signs of the action of the other visceral organs, such as the 
liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, glands, stomach, etc. Now, if 
Nature has placed the sign for one function in the face, it is 
logical and natural to infer that others are also represented 
there. While this function (digestion) is the sustainer of all 
the mental faculties — that is to say, gives the nutrition essen- 
tial to their existence and activity — the kidney system keeps 
all in purity and soundness by its excretory qualities alone. 
The fact that the fluid waste of the body exceeds the solid 
waste is undeniable. By actual demonstration, it has been 
proved that the fluid waste from the kidneys and sweat 
glands is more, by several pounds weight in twenty-four 
hours, than is the waste excreted from the bowel system. 
Writers on Physiology are unable to account for the origin 
of the sensation of hunger. They do not seem to be able to 
discover how the individual becomes conscious of the need 
of the body for more nourishment; that is to say, how the 
stomach is made to feel hunger. 

Dr. C. Cutter, a writer on Physiology, observes: "It 
has been inferred, by some writers on Physiology, that 
the glands which supply the gastric fluid, by a species of 
instinctive intelligence, would only secrete enough fluid to 
convert into chyme the aliment needed to supply the real 
wants of the system." What are the reasons for this infer- 
ence? There is no evidence that the gastric glands possess 
instinctive intelligence, and can there be a reason adduced 
why they may not be stimulated to extra functional action, 
as well as other organs, and why they may not also be influ- 



176 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

enced by habit. Precisely what Dr. Cutter means by "in- 
stinctive intelligence" he does not explain; and, until he 
gives his explanation, we can find no solution to the question 
as he propounds it. How does the human system know 
when it requires nutriment? My theory has been stated 
before, and I should answer, from its mind! For, as mind 
inheres in every part of the body, so the branches and fila- 
ments of nerves connected with the gastric glands convey to 
the brain these wants of the individual. The pneumogastric 
nerve ramifies upon the stomach, and this nerve becomes 
cognizant of the wants of the organ over which it presides, 
so to speak; and communicating with the nerves of the other 
parts of the organism involved in the process of digestion, 
all combined make demand for more nutrition, and prepare 
the several organs and glands for its reception. This theory 
is clearly proved by the fact that, where the brain is func- 
tionally or structurally diseased, it is often incapable of 
taking cognizance of the conditions and appeals of these 
parts, and insane persons are often compelled by force to 
partake of food, as they would starve to death if left to their 
own care, not being notified by the stomach of the needs of 
the body — the consequence of the diseased condition of the 
brain. The case of the wounded sailor, noted by Sir Astley 
Cooper, illustrates this theory, and shows that all the vege- 
tative processes of the body can go on without any assistance 
from the brain; that is to say, without the brain being con- 
scious of the action of the organs of respiration, secretion, 
excretion, or growth. 

In Sir Astley Cooper's "Lectures on Surgery," the follow- 
ing singular case is noted: At Gibraltar, a sailor fell from 
the yard-arm of a ship, and was taken up unconscious. He 
remained some months in the hospital there, in a perfectly 
insensible condition. He was then conveyed to England and 
placed in a hospital at Deptford, where Sir Astley Cooper, 
the eminent surgeon, visited him. He was informed by the 
attending surgeon that the sailor had been insensible for 
many months. He said: "He lies on his back, with few 



EATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 177 

signs of life; he breathes, indeed, has a pulse, and some 
motion in his fingers; but in all other respects he is deprived 
of all powers of mind, volition, or sensation." If he wanted 
food, he had the power of moving the lips and tongue, and this 
action of his mouth was the signal to his attendants for supplying 
this ivant. This last sentence corroborates my theory of the 
mental power of the nerves of the digestive apparatus. It 
is here proved that consciousness was suspended for many 
months; yet the organs of digestion had power to manifest 
intelligence in the manner indicated above. This man lay in 
this condition for thirteen months, when Sir Astley Cooper 
trephined him; that is to say, raised the depressed portion of 
the bone from off the brain, upon which it was pressing. 
Four hours afterward he was able to sit up in bed and con- 
verse, and four days after he was restored to all the faculties 
of his mind and functions of body. He said that he remem- 
bered nothing from the moment that he fell; thus proving 
that the faculty of Memory of Events was entirely suspended. 
His reason, we see, was dormant; all power over the muscles, 
with the exception of a slight motion of the fingers, was 
gone; yet this man lived, breathed, secreted the juices of 
the stomach, liver, and intestines; excreted from the kidneys 
and bowels; but was unable to manifest intelligence, except 
that sort which the digestive apparatus was able to make 
apparent. 

Benevolence. : — Benevolence, shown by the full, rolling, 
moist under lip, indicates a strong and active condition of the 
glandular system, both of the secretory and absorbent sys- 
tems. "Whenever this feature of the physiognomy is well 
developed, most of the secreting glands — viz., the lachrymal, 
salivary, and mammary glands, pancreas, liver, prostate, and 
testes — will be found to coincide in their vigor and normal 
action with the size and moisture of the under lip. The ab- 
sorbent glands also find their illustration in the same feature. 
" Glands are divided into two classes — the lacteals and the 
lymphatics. The lacteals are found only in the abdomen. 



178 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Their office is to convey the chyle, which they absorb (after 
the food has been digested in the intestine), to the thoracic 
duct, whence it is sent into the general circulation to repair 
the waste and renew the tissues. The lymphatics, on the 
contrary, are distributed through all portions of the body. 
Their use is to take up by absorption all waste or useless 
matters, and convey such matters which have become solvent 
either to the general circulation, there to be discharged from 
the system by some of the excretory organs, or are used 
again in the economy of the human organism."* 

I have inserted this slight description of the office of the 
glandular system, in order that those of my readers who are 
not well read in physiology and anatomy may understand the 
philosophy of the action of these glands and the appropri- 
ateness of their signs in the face. Now, the glands in the 
lower lip, being more numerous and more prominent than in 
any other part of the face, would seem to' point to that feature 
as the facial index of the glandular power of the entire sys- 
tem; added to the fact that the absorbing glands are directly 
related to the function of digestion, and whenever a promi- 
nent sign of any function or faculty is observed in the face 
all minor signs are always to be found in juxtaposition with 
it, just as in the body all the organs which assist a similar 
function or class of functions are placed in positions of suf- 
ficient contiguity to facilitate their action. If the entire 
glandular system is well developed, we must infer that the 
absorbents will take up sufficient material to supply the ne- 
cessities of the organism by creating new tissues, and that 
the excretory glands will perform the task of carrying from 
the system all effete or waste matter. Hence, a good devel- 
opment of this system shows its power to throw off diseases 
as well as to resist the approach of those which affect the 
glands more particularly. Thus you will observe that Benev- 
olence in its developed state assists in protecting the body, 
as well as gives the power and desire to assist others. We 
cannot give if we are in an impoverished condition, and 

=* Harrison's Anatomy. 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 179 

cannot warm toward others if we are deficient in what creates 
animal heat. A thin dry under lip indicates the reverse of 
Benevolence, and shows a constricted or impoverished con- 
dition of the glandular system, as well as a stingy, close- 
fisted person. 

Amativeness, or Love of the Sexes. — Amativeness and 
reproductive capacity are known by thickness and redness of 
the centre of the upper lip. When very thick, it also denotes 
glandular, muscular, and adipose development. This sign is 
better defined in the physiognomies of ancient races and in 
European faces than in American people. The function of 
reproduction is more active with the former; consequently, 
the sentiment of love, of conjugal affection, of the unity of 
the family, of the oneness of husband and wife, is stronger 
and more enduring. These faculties and sentiments being 
strong and active in the ratio that the reproductive system is 
well developed, European families are larger families than 
Americans. This affords greater activity to the reproductive 
system generally; and as large families have been character- 
istic of these people for centuries, these sentiments, these 
faculties as well as functions, have become powerful by use 
and exercise, and have thus aggregated strength in this di- 
rection and transmitted it. Hence, its signs are more per- 
ceptible in the former. This function assists in creative art 
very materially. The organs of reproduction are mainly 
muscular, aud as this system (the Muscular) includes the 
power for artistic efforts and creations, the aid which the 
reproductive system offers to creative efforts in art, etc., is 
only added proof of my theory of Amativeness. This the- 
ory can be proved by investigation of the countenances of 
all Of the most talented persons known to history. Examine 
portraits, for example, of Dickens, Moliere, Byron, Sterne, 
Lady Morgan, Hood, Albert Durer, Cervantes, Shakspeare, 
Burus, Shelley, Joanna Baillie, Sarah Siddons, Lavoisier, 
d'Alembert, Eousseau, Buffon, Des Cartes, Delambre, Ark- 
wright, Jeremy Taylor, Murillo, Corneille, and Joshua Rey- 



180 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

nolds. In fact, the examination of the faces of all who have 
excelled in creative art will disclose the sign of this function 
and faculty well defined. 

Its use primarily is for the propagation, creation, and per- 
petuation of .the race. Its moral significance is of incalcula- 
ble importance, for upon its normal action and natural and 
religious use the purity and welfare of the human family are 
dependent; It has no functional activity until the age of 
puberty, at which time important moral as well as physical 
changes occur. These changes are equivalent to the intro- 
duction of an entirely new faculty and function. Its full 
moral and physiological importance should be taught to 
youth, as ignorance of the true nature of its powers may lead 
to disastrous results, which may descend to the innocent for 
generations and lead to the utter demoralization of entire 
communities. 

Love of Childeen and Animals. — Love of children, pets, 
and animals is known by the drooping of each side of the 
upper lip on either side of Amativeness, of which it is the nat- 
ural and necessary companion. It forms a little "scallop" 
shape, which also assists in giving beauty to the mouth. In- 
deed, all well developed mouths present this appearance 
more or less. Every function that is of use to the individual, 
and in a normal condition, sets a sign of beauty in the face; 
and those who learn to understand these signs and their sig- 
nification will enjoy beauties w T hich are denied to those igno- 
rant of them. 

In some the outer sides of the lip project downward almost 
overlapping the lower lip, just as we see it in dogs and cows, 
and other animals whose love of offspring is intense. This 
sign is located in the same place in all the higher animals. 
As I have stated elsewhere, when Nature gives the love or 
capacity for any pursuit she also gives some kind of power 
for its expression. Hence, when we observe this sign largely 
defined, we must infer that the ability to nourish or care for 
the young accompanies it. In some it betokens the physical 



EAT10NALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 181 

development essential to the nourishment of offspring; that 
is to say, good digestion and a suitable endowment of the 
glandular system/ In others, in the brain system predomi- 
nant, it is accompanied by a mirthful-constructive ability, 
which manifests itself in the invention of stories, games, and 
amusements for the diversion of the young. Miss Louisa 
Alcott, the celebrated writer for children, exhibits this for- 
mation; all the signs of this kind of talent are prominent in 
her physiognomy. 

This faculty is manifested in others by love of teaching 
and training young children and animals. No one can suc- 
ceed in training dogs or horses who has not this faculty. I 
have recently studied the portraits of our National Fish 
Commissioners and their assistants. Most of them show 
this sign well denned. In order to be in harmony with their 
work (the propagation of the finny tribe), the two faculties 
of Amativeness and Love of Young should be present, so as 
to facilitate the work of reproduction and care of animals. 
All of the faculties and functions in the Vegetative or Chem- 
ical division of the face are related in some degree to the 
glandular system. Now, as love of offspring is generally 
stronger in woman than in man, she is by Nature especially 
fitted to nourish the young, and the sentiment of Love of 
Young is created and sustained by the glandular system — by 
the mammary glands in particular. In man, these glands are 
rudimental; hence, his love for and desire to nourish and 
take care of the young are not so strong as in woman, al- 
though several well authenticated cases are found in medical 
works of men who were able to nourish babes at their breasts. 
There are a few ducts and a small gland in the mammae of 
men, it is true, and it is quite likely, under some abnor- 
mal conditions of the generative function in man, that the 
mammary glands have become enlarged, as is well known in 
cases where the testes have become atrophied. 

This function and faculty, it will be observed, has its moral 
and intellectual use, as well as its physiological power. It 
is, therefore, highly important as being one of the greatest 



182 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

protectors of infant life and health and the conservator of 
posterity. The functions and faculties in the Chemical di- 
vision of the .body are the most easily recognized by the 
ordinary observer; more profound thought and reason are 
necessary to carry this law of correspondence of functions 
with mental and moral faculties to its ultimate conclusions. 

Mirthfulness. — The most prominent sign of this faculty 
is found at the outer corners of the mouth. It is shown by 
a depression caused (when smiling) by the action of the two 
muscles named major and minor zygomaticus, which draw 
the mouth outward and upward. The more these muscles 
are exercised the more defined the impress of such activity 
is apparent, and hence it is that we often find dimples at this 
place. In those less playful and mirthful, small vertical 
wrinkles are seen. This sign adjoins the local sign for Love 
of Young, and is connected naturally and necessarily with it. 
In some it causes the corners of the mouth to turn upward. 
Laurence Sterne, the celebrated humorous writer, has this 
peculiarity in a marked manner. It is adapted to the care 
and amusement of the young as well as to the recreation of 
adult life. It is in one sense coustructive, like Amativeness, 
as it assists in contriving and planning amusements for old 
and young; it shows in witty and funny speeches, and at- 
tracts all by mirthful and lovable manners; it is also an aid 
to digestion, and adjoins its most prominent sign. All dis- 
play of auger or sadness while eating impedes digestion, 
while mirth assists its action. Its source of supply is un- 
doubtedly glandular, although the muscles, too, assist in its 
expression. The zygomaticus minor muscle is sometimes 
scarcely perceptible or entirely wanting. 

The location of Mirthfulness near the mouth, and its inti- 
mate relation to Love of Young, point to its origin as gland- 
ular, depending undoubtedly on the quantity and quality of 
nutrition assimilated and animal warmth supplied to the 
system by the action of the lacteal glands. Shriveled, thin 
persons, or dyspeptics, are not as mirthful as those whose 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 183' 

digestion is unimpaired; and as dyspeptics regain health and 
normal conditions their love of fun and mirthfulness return 
to their natural state. The location of this function and 
faculty, and the effect of its normal and abnormal action, 
evidences its origin. Like all the faculties found in the Veg- 
etative system, it must be considered as having its support 
from sources similar to those of other functions and faculties 
in this system. The association of all these functions is for 
mutual support and assistance; hence, their origin is easily 
determined. To "laugh and grow fat" is a truism. Anger 
and sadness suppress the normal supply of secretions, while 
mirth and contentment excite them to action. 

Fkiendship. — Friendship is related to and sustained by 
the intestinal system, and is comprised in the chemical or 
vegetative part of the process of digestion. Its principal 
local sign is fullness of the upper portion of the cheek, and 
adjoins the chief sign for Digestion, or Alimentiveness. 
Fullness of the salivary glands just in front of the ear open- 
ing is another sign of the assimilative capacity. The first 
stages of digestion — those performed by the stomach — are 
produced by muscular action chiefly, with slight assistance 
from the chemical action of the salivary and gastric juices. 
The most important part of digestion is carried by the ali- 
mentary canal, commencing with the duodenum. The food, 
in its passage through the intestines, is acted upon by the 
secretions of the liver and pancreas; and in this part of di- 
gestion the process is mainly chemical; and it is here that 
the juices needed for animal heat and warmth, for the nutri- 
tion of the body generally, are found. It is here that color 
is evolved by chemical action, and sent through the glands 
and veins to its several destinations in the tissues, by the 
power of the same action, without the slighest assistance 
from the Muscular system; and when we observe fullness of 
the upper part of the cheek, of a bright red color, we know 
that Friendship is active, because the power, the warmth 
essential to its action is present in the body in the right. 



184 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

proportion to enable the individual to perform the offices 
essential to the active duties which Friendship exacts. A 
thin, flat, pale or bluish upper cheek shows the reverse of 
this faculty, and will always be accompanied by a small or 
defective bowel system. 

Friendship, like Love, is at one and the same time a 
benevolent and a selfish trait. Its character is dual, as is 
its functional action. It both secretes and absorbs. Pri- 
marily, it seeks to please itself in social enjoyments, in the 
society of friends, and in eating and drinking with them. It 
is not, like the Irishman's "reciprocity," all on one side. 
It seeks, also, the enjoyment of those it loves; and, where 
there is a good admixture of the architectural or mathemat- 
ical powers, it assists, by planning and personal service, in 
every way the interests of the objects of its affection. A 
good development of the bowel system gives to the organism 
the juices and nourishment needed to carry forward the work 
of friendship, and also to give the animal warmth essential 
to the creation and perpetuation of this faculty, either as a 
sentiment or social enjoyment. Its physical basis is, as I 
have shown, in the chemical division; and, in its primitive 
aspect, it leads to desire for association and companionship. 
In the early stages of man's development, it assisted in 
forming tribes and clans, and the faces of all clannish races 
exhibit this faculty largely; as, for example, the Highland 
Scotch, the Swiss, Hollanders, and others. As the organism 
rose higher by the development and perfection of other fac- 
ulties, it exhibited itself more as a sentiment, and showed its 
action by pleasant speech, in thought, care, and active works. 
In combination with the Chemical division, it will show by 
entertaining friends with feasts, by cooking for them, and by 
presents of nice foods, drinks, and by attention to their 
bodily wants. With the Architectural added, it shows in 
entertainments, also, but adds both sentiment and good 
deeds. With the highest, or Mathematical division large, 
where the brain and nerves impart sensitiveness, it will be 
exhibited more in emotion, feeling, thought, and sentiment; 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 185 

in poetry dedicated to beloved objects; by presents of flow- 
ers, books, and pictures, and delicate attentions. 

The Germans, as a class, are the most sociable and friendly 
of all the civilized races. They are also the best feeders, 
with most uncommon assimilative powers. Hence, it will 
be seen that friendship is a conservator of life, and assists 
in the progressive development of the human family, both 
morally and physiologically. Some of the glands involved 
in digestion are both secretory and excretory. This dual 
action gives rise to dual action in the manifestations of 
friendship; they are both selfish and unselfish. 

Modesty. — The most prominent sign of Modesty is shown. 
by a vertical depression running down the center of the 
upper lip. It is an unfailing sign of a love of purity, clean- 
liness, and generally of chastity; all of which are conducive 
to health and long life. Persons exhibiting this sign love 
refined language, dislike all coarse or smutty jokes or allu- 
sions; love neatness of attire, and desire to change their 
clothing often; dislike bad odors emanating from the teeth 
or skin; bathe frequently; and in all ways testify to chaste 
and modest tastes. Its location near Amativeness suggests 
the beauty and utility of its placing. 

Cautiousness. — One of the principal facial signs of caution 
is shown by extreme length of nose. Its principal use is to 
protect the body by its sense of scent, which prevents all 
hurtful and noxious materials from entering the stomach, and 
keeps poisonous gases and odors from the lungs. The sense 
of scent acts as a sentinel; hence its position, directly above 
the mouth. This sign is conceded by Simms and Fowler. 
In the animal world this faculty is more used than in the 
human race; we depend more upon our eyes and acquired 
experience. The eyes and observation not being so well 
suited to this purpose in animals as they are in man, hence 
it is that all animals smell their food constantly during a 
meal. The herbivorous animals, while in a natural state, 
13 



186 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

seldom touch any grass or herb which is poisonous or detri- 
mental to them — so unerring is their scent; yet, after be- 
coming domesticated, they lose this sense partially. This 
sense is at least as high as man's power for observation; yet 
people usually speak of it as "animal instinct," giving the 
idea that this faculty is something inferior to human observa- 
tion, while in reality it is far superior to it; for no human 
being can tell by scent alone, without experience, whether 
certain plants are hurtful or useful. In many directions 
animals possess superior powers. Had they a suitable phy- 
siological development which would enable them to speak, 
they would soon convict us of more cruelties, meannesses, 
and contemptible behavior than even wild beasts are guilty of. 

Veneration. — This function and faculty is related to the 
stomach, which is our creator physically. Height and width 
of the "bridge" of the nose is its principal local sign in the 
face. Unlike the intestinal system, its functions are mainly 
mechanical; it is, therefore, located in the Architectural or 
Mechanical division. The stomach is the receiving labora- 
tory, where the solid materials are first mixed by mechanical 
action mainly. This operation is called peristaltic motion, 
and is produced by the contraction of the muscles of the 
stomach, and the expansion and contraction of the lungs and 
diaphragm; the saliva and gastric juice performing only a 
small part of the chemistry of digestion. The materials 
taken into the stomach, after being thus acted upon, are 
distributed for chemical action, which must be performed 
before the act of creating and replacing new tissues, bones, 
etc., is completed. Although we are dependent upon the 
fluid circulation to convey to their destination, in the liquid 
form, all the materials for the maintenance of the body, at 
the same time suitable solid materials must be furnished to 
the stomach, to be by its mechanism converted into chyme, 
a kind of pulp. Thence its further progress is continued to 
the duodenum, where it attains a fluid state, called chyle; 
this is received into the general circulation, and assists not 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 187 

only in nourishing the body, but it also gives the materials 
essential to the creation of other human organisms. The 
height and width, of the nose at the bridge (or where the sign 
of Veneration is found) is the indication of the power of the 
stomach to do its work. The low or "scooped" nose is 
always accompanied by a predisposition to weakness of this 
organ. Weakness of the stomach does not necessarily in- 
volve weakness of the bowel system, as one depends upon 
the muscular power, and the other part of the process of 
digestion — the chief part — upon chemical action. Over thirty 
feet of intestinal surface (according to physiologists) are 
traveled over before the process of digestion is complete. 

In the animal kingdom, we find that in those who have 
very flat noses, such as monkeys and apes, and all flat-nosed 
creatures, dyspepsia is quite prevalent — more so than with 
camels, horses, dogs, elephants, and those with a higher 
nose. Dyspepsia leads to consumption, which cuts off both 
men and animals who exhibit this formation of the nose. 
Persons and animals with long, slim necks are also predis- 
posed to consumption and dyspepsia; and, accordingly, we 
find giraffes especially subject to dyspeptic ailments, even in 
their natural state. 

Hope. — The degree of this very important faculty found in 
an individual is dependent upon the normal action of a strong 
and healthy liver. If the liver is of good quality — that is to 
say, free from all inherited weakness and always acting nor- 
mally — a high quality of Hope will accompany its action. 
Hope is a great sustainer of life; it buoys one up under great 
difficulties; it gives power for overcoming obstacles by a 
hopeful, cheerful cast of mind — if I may be allowed to use 
this term in speaking of a physical function, for we derive 
our "mental powers" from these functions direct. In sick- 
ness no faculty except Firmness so sustains the spirits and 
strength of the invalid. In this way it promotes health and 
longevity. "Whenever I see an individual with cheerless, de- 
spondent, hopeless views of life and the future, I look for a 



188 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

liver diseased either by abuse or by inheritance from some 
''blue," grim, joyless, jaundiced, bilious ancestor, and I find 
this invariably the case. How little people think, as they 
stuff and gorge and make themselves bilious and jaundiced, 
of the gloom and wretchedness they are storing up for future 
generations, cursing the unborn, and sending down to pos- 
terity the blighting effects of their uncontrolled appetites. 
Surely, it is here religion should commence where it is most 
needed; and Nature has placed Conscientiousness in the 
Vegetative division in the physical basis of human character, 
in order that it should protect the body in purity and sound- 
ness, and that morality should prevail. 

When I see persons whose views of life are gloomy, arid 
who. live without hope, I cannot refrain from paraphrasing 
the Scriptures thus: "The fathers have chewed gall, and the 
children's teeth are set on edge." I suspect there must have 
been many keen, observing, thoughtful men in "Bible times," 
who were wiser and more scientific than they dared to ac- 
knowledge — some who understood, as Moses did, the physi- 
cal construction of the body, as well as man's requirements 
toward a religious life. When I read such expressions as 
the "gall of bitterness," "bowels of mercy," etc., I cannot 
but think that some of the men of those times must have 
known that friendship derived its merciful attributes from 
the bowel system, and hopelessness and bitterness of spirits 
came from an overflow of the gall-bladder; else why such 
expressions? In those days a man who "knew too much" was 
called a "sorcerer;" in these days, if he dare mention the 
"bottom facts" in regard to the operations of God's laws as 
exhibited in Nature's works, he is generally assailed with the 
opprobrious epithet of "infidel" or "materialist." Yet how 
any one can demonstrate the existence of God and his laws 
without material substance, I am loss to understand. As 
burning and stoning do not follow such expressed opinions 
as formerly, they are allowed to exist. When I see attacks 
made upon those giants of science, Darwin, Huxley, Spen- 
cer, Haeckel, and others, because like Galileo they have dis- 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 189 

covered greater truths than their petty ignorant opposers can 
comprehend, I rejoice that they live in the nineteenth century 
under the reign of the civilization of the printing press; for 
were we still under the dominance of the ecclesiastical pow- 
ers like those of the middle ages, the faggot and torture 
would be their portion. The probabilities are that these 
great scientists will live to be instrumental in disseminating 
such knowledge of the laws of God as will assist materially 
in the advance of a high civilization in spite of pope or 
priest, bigot or ignoramus. 

Analysis. — As I have previously shown that Hope derives 
its power from the glandular system — viz., the liver — so also 
we will find that analytical power is in strong sympathy with 
the same organ. Its sign and location adjoins that of Hope, 
and both are at the end of the nose, directly under the cau- 
tionary action of the nostrils. These two faculties and func- 
tions (Hope and Analysis) occupy a position about midway 
between the Vegetative, or chemical, and the Muscular, or 
mechanical, divisions of the face and body, and are ,both as- 
sisted by the action of the liver. This organ has the power 
of excreting and secreting, and assists by its clearness of 
action in the so-called mental operations necessary in me- 
chanical, artistic, and literary work. 

As we ascend in the scale of development from a lower to 
a higher grade — from the Vegetative to the Thoracic, from 
the Thoracic to the Muscular functions — we find these differ- 
ent growths overlapping each other, as it were, and this pe- 
culiarity is noticeable in every department of organic life. 
This method is not only apparent in the successive growths 
of the same organism, but it is also very marked in the evo- 
lution of species, where we often see, as in the amphibia, 
functions which are useful both for aquatic and terrestrial 
existence. So, in the human family, as I read in the face and 
body, we see the remains of former existences, the remains 
of our animal ancestors. Not only are these inheritances 
characterized by phenomena which the popular voice terms 



190 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

" animal passions," such as hate, revenge, destruction, and 
jealousy, but we see in the uselessness or purposeless of nu- 
merous organs, and parts of useless members, which are 
scattered in different portions of the human organism, the 
greatest proofs of evolution, and indeed the one of all others 
which would establish the truth of that doctrine on a firm 
and unassailable foundation. I shall give brief mention of 
these rudimentary remains of our ancestors, referring the 
reader to "The Evolution of Man," by Haeckel, for further 
light on the subject. 

The generality of people accept, without question or anal- 
ysis, the human organism as they find it, never glancing back 
to trace laws and appearances to their origin; but as soon as 
inquiry and investigation commence, light flows in upon 
them. I will refer to only a few of the remnants of former 
animal existences that are now found incorporated in the 
human system, without having any use or purpose in man's 
economy, but which, on the contrary, often induce disease 
and suffering. I will first call attention to the fine short 
hairs found all over the body. What is their use to man? 
None, that physiologists have been able to discover. They 
are simply vestiges of the thick hairy covering found on our 
most immediate animal ancestors. The little circle of mus- 
cles surrounding the ear-shell is another relic of an exist- 
ence which found flapping and raising and lowering the ears 
a necessity. These muscles are not of the slightest use to 
man, as his ears are immovable. At the inner corner of the 
eye we find a little fold of skin, the remains of the nictitating 
membrane, the third eyelid, which is useful to some birds 
and fishes, such as owls, sharks, and others, but serving no 
purpose in the human family. At the termination of the ver- 
tebrae, or backbone, we have five little bones, with joints and 
shrunken muscles, that are of no use to man. They are sub- 
ject to disease, and I have recently heard of the successful 
amputation of the coccyx, as this rudimentary "tail" is 
called. Another useless, and worse than useless, relic is 
the thyroid gland. It is situated in front of the larynx, and 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 191 

is the remnant of the crop so useful to our animal ancestors. 
It is often the seat of disease. The swelling so common in 
the mountains of Switzerland called " goitre" is an affection 
of this gland, which has no use in the organism of man. 
There are various other parts, like the vermiform process in 
the intestines, which are only a detriment to us; also, some 
atrophied muscles in the thighs, which are useless in our 
present state of existence. They were very useful formerly 
in climbing trees, a process our animal ancestors found es- 
sential to their welfare. There are many remains of former 
conditions of the reproductive system when organisms were 
bi-sexual, and thus it is that in man are found portions of 
rudimentary female organs that are functionally active only 
in woman. These have no use in the body save to enlighten 
us on the subject of our pedigree and descent, and also to 
teach us the methods of Nature in evolution; yet all serve to 
illustrate the power of God, who from so small a beginning 
as a simple germ-cell can create by successive steps the com- 
plex being we call Man. 

No portion of the human system acts independently, but 
all of the five superior organ-systems are so correlated that 
neither can act without being affected by or affecting the 
others. These several powers are diffused, as it were, through 
the entire body, although there is a sufficiency of connection 
and similarity of action in each to enable us to trace its cause 
and operation through the entire organism. At the same 
time, each system extends its influence (as we rise in devel- 
opment) forward into the next growth, and there are faculties 
and functions which seem to belong to and affect the opera- 
tions of functions and faculties in the next system above; as, 
for example, mouth-breathing represents the condition of the 
amphibia before true lung-breathing was established. Yet 
breathing through the nose is the more perfected method" of 
respiration. The faculty of speech is not essential to the 
lower systems of the body — the Vegetative and Thoracic, for 
instance; for we kuow that all the really necessary operations 
of life can be carried forward without speech. But as the 



192 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

functions and faculties become more complex, and art and 
reason assert their presence, then speech becomes essential 
to the perfection of character. Accordingly, we find all the 
requirements of this faculty in the Muscular system, and it 
is in this system that a marked advance of functional activity 
is made, as it evolves in the regular order of progressive 
growth in the lower organisms. 

The parallel holds good in man; for where we find the 
Muscular system pre-eminent in him, we find ability for 
artistic conception and execution of various kinds. Muscu- 
lar development of fine quality gives the desire and ability 
for motion, for architectural, artistic, and other works, which 
the lower systems of faculties and functions are not capable 
of producing. The sign for Hope, or the liver, in the face 
is situated just above the Yegetative division of the physi- 
ognomy; yet it seems to assist the action of both it and the 
and the other divisions above, particularly the lungs and 
heart. "We know that this is the fact physiologically; and if 
physiologically, then of course the "mental" character is 
affected by such interaction. The kind of analytical power 
which the action of the liver gives rise to is better adapted 
to the analysis of art, literature, mechanism, and science 
than the sort which is essential to abstract reasoning; hence, 
we observe with inventive, fertile, imaginative, and artistic 
persons this sign is very pronounced. The septum of the 
nose will be seen projecting downward, with an unusual 
clearness and brightness of the eye and skin, thus evidencing 
that the biliary system is doing its perfect work. 

An excess of Cautiousness conduces to a constricted state 
of the liver, and prevents its healthy action. "Where this is 
the case, artistic analysis and hope are never strongly devel- 
oped in the individual. "Where there is a good degree of 
muscular development, combined with Hope and Analysis, 
we find the most active people. Persons who are round in 
their forms (made so by excess of muscle and a suitable pro- 
portion of adipose tissue) are constantly in motion. They 
become acrobats, athletes, artists, actors, musicians, and in 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 193 

business they are speculators; for in the Muscular formation 
we find the imaginative class as well as the artistic, and this 
induces faith, belief and superstition, love of the miraculous 
aud wonderful. Men with this endowment are inclined to 
enter into extraordinary methods in business, and are dis- 
posed to believe in the existence of fabulous resources, such 
as mines and miraculous and impossible inventions and dis- 
coveries. Thus believing, they extend their faith, and draw 
others into their schemes, which are generally outside of the 
legitimate channels of commerce. Such persons are usually 
believers in clairvoyance, in the power of some to foresee 
the future, and often consult them on business affairs. They 
are strong believers in superstitions and improbable religious 
dogmas rather than reasonable moral ones. This class of 
persons are always willing and anxious to be saved, but pre- 
fer to rely on some power other than their own to save them, 
and do not care to make great and continuous efforts to lead 
moral lives, as this requires great self-control aud self-denial. 
The rationale of this is simple and easily explained. Muscle 
is yielding in its nature, like fat, and is unable to be firm and 
steadfast in one position, like bone, which can always sup- 
port itself, can overcome fat and muscle, and resist pressure 
from the outside. Hence, bone is more capable of assisting 
moral efforts, because possessing more power of resistance. 
When we desire to know the nature of anything, we must 
look to its components and method of action. Scientific 
analysis can carry this process to its ultimate, and trace the 
constituents of muscle, tissue, and bone to their origin, and 
thus give the clue to the mainsprings of human action, of 
morals, art, and religious systems. 

THE LUNGS. 

In diagnosing the power of the lungs, the first thing to be 
taken into consideration is the size of the nostrils. Gener- 
ally speaking, the larger the nostrils the greater the size of 
the lungs. If the nostrils are large and round, the lungs 



194 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

"will present the same peculiarities. If the nostrils are nar- 
row and long, the lungs will correspond in formation. The 
strength of the lungs will depend upon their inherited qual- 
ity, regardless of size, although the large round lungs are usu- 
ally the stronger. The strength and power of the lungs may 
be known by a healthful color of the skin, as well as by a 
healthful brightness and clearness of the eyes. 

In deciding upon possibilities of lung power, the condition 
of the digestive system must be taken into account. Where 
assimilation is easily performed, the lungs will be well sup- 
plied with good blood; but if the nostrils are narrow, the 
skin pale or blue, and the cheeks thin or hollow, great care 
must be taken to provide the stomach with the most nourish- 
ing food, else that dread scourge, consumption, will make its 
appearance. Persons with weak digestion set little value on 
food, and often neglect themselves in this respect, and in this 
way the lungs become impoverished and soon decay. Such 
persons should make a business of eating, and cultivate the 
appetite by eating all that the taste calls for. Appetite can 
be cultivated, just as any other defective function or faculty. 
Poor feeders do not have so strong a hold upon life, nor are 
they as capable of friendship, as those who nourish the body 
well. Consumption can be cured in its first stages by pure 
air and a dietary suited to the individual. Medicine cannot 
cure it. It may sometimes mitigate the severity of the cough, 
but medicine cannot supply good rich blood in the right pro- 
portions. Nothing but good food made into blood, and this 
blood oxygenated by the purest atmosphere, can replace the 
diseased and worn out tissues. Medicine never created 
either blood or tissue; food and air alone perform this mir- 
acle. 

THE HEAET. 

When one wishes to discover the size and power of the 
heart, he can readily find its index in the face. This may 
seem a novel way to learn the condition of an organ so deeply 
hidden in the interior of the body. But the reader has al- 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 195 

ready become convinced, I opine, that one of the uses of the 
face is to disclose bodily conditions; and when we wish to 
know the size and power of the heart, we must look to the 
size and quality of its nearest companion and faithful ally 
for the information. The lungs work in harmony with the 
heart; they are correlated in their action and mutually con- 
dition each other. It would be as great an anomaly to find 
large lungs and a small weak heart as it would be to find large 
Love of Children and small Mirthfulness. Nature does no 
half-way work; Nature is no bungler, for wherever we find a 
strong digestive system, supplying a bountiful quantity of 
blood to the heart, we invariably find large lungs to receive 
it. And so we may set down as a law that the larger the 
nostril the greater the size of the heart. The cause of this 
is based on the great quantity of air which large lungs will 
be compelled to use in oxygenating. This air supply gives 
greater activity, not only to the heart, but also to the brain. 
The larger the lungs the more active the brain will become; 
hence, the entire circulation will be more rapid or stronger. 
This activity of the circulation will facilitate digestion, for 
as the brain calls upon the stomach for more food to sustain 
its activity, the stomach will respond by demanding more 
nourishment. This demand being met, the body will be kept 
well nourished and at its normal degree of heat. The hands 
and feet will always be warm, and the circulation will con- 
duce to make the entire surface of the body comfortable. 
All this can be seen at a glance, judging simply from the size 
of the nose. The surface circulation being perfect, and sup- 
plied with well oxygenated blood, the complexion will testify 
to the perfectness and soundness of the lungs and heart by a 
heightened color of the skin and brightness of the eyes. 
Weakness of both heart and lungs induces a sluggish, feeble 
circulation aud a pallid or bluish cast of complexion. 

COLOE OF THE SKIN, EYES, AND HAIE. 

The complexion and color of the skin, eyes, and hair have 
a moral as well as intellectual and physical signification. 



196 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Where the organism is deficient in the coloring pigment (as 
I have explained elsewhere) a weakness of the glandular sys- 
tem is usually indicated. This deficiency is shown by milk- 
white or very light eyes, weak hair, and skin of a pallid hue. 
This appearance is often accompanied by imperfect vision, 
deafness, tubercles, a scrofulous diathesis, chlorosis, white 
swellings, and many other diseased conditions of the glands 
in various parts of the body. 

Now, if the sight or hearing is imperfect, the individual 
cannot gain correct knowledge of material objects, nor of 
speech and ideas. Persons with defective senses fail to ap- 
prehend the perfect and entire import of what occurs about 
them; hence, they are liable to take in erroneous or partial 
understandings of things as they appear. They are also, by 
reason of such defective senses, less able to perceive and 
avoid dangers, and, by reason of their weakness, less able to 
resist the attacks of disease and more liable to be affected by 
immoral temptations. 

The glandular system being both absorbent and secretory 
in its nature, assisting by absorption the function of diges- 
tion, would fail in case of defective action to absorb and 
convey the materials essential to supply the coloring pigment 
which the foods extract from the minerals contained in the 
earth upon which they are grown. The glands would also 
fail in the chemical action necessary to furnish new tissues 
and animal heat to the organism. Unless all these opera- 
tions are perfect, Friendship, for example, cannot exist in its 
highest state. If the secreting glands, the lymphatics, are 
too weak to properly perform their office, and fail to absorb 
the impurities of the system, the body becomes charged witk 
waste matter, and a condition of moral impurity will be the 
result. Can it be doubted, by any observant or logical per- 
son, that a sound and pure body is more capable of morality 
and integrity than one which is weak, diseased, and impure? 
There must be equilibrium in the several functions of body 
and faculties of mind in order to produce harmonious condi- 
tions of the moral and mental faculties. The more I inves- 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 197 

tigate the human organism the more I am convinced that the 
moral nature is dependent for its purity and strength upon 
physical conditions, and not upon theories, beliefs, or dog- 
mas, although cultivation of the moral sense is necessary for 
the progress and preservation of the race. 

There are many other ways in which the moral and mental 
faculties are made to suffer by absence of coloring matter. 
Its deficiency causes people to be suspicious. Lacking the 
warmth essential for great friendship, they are ever ready to 
suspect their friends. Ask any very light-eyed person if this 
is not characteristic of them. A candid answer will prove 
this statement. On the other hand, too much coloring pig- 
ment induces another class of diseases, and evidences other 
moral and mental peculiarities and defects. Persons with 
very dark skin, hair, and eyes are liable to disorders of the 
biliary system, to fevers and inflammations. As with great 
depth of color intense heat is always found, so we must infer 
that the passions and emotions of very dark races, such as 
love, jealousy, hatred, revenge, and the like, are more vio- 
lent, intense, and heated than those of the white races. This 
fact is well illustrated in the negro and Indian, as well as in 
the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian races, and the inhabi- 
tants of the tropics generally. Sufficient color is a necessity 
and a preservative of life and health. It also gives tone and 
strength to the moral and mental faculties. Too little color- 
ing pigment, as I have shown, renders the individual weak, 
morally, mentally, and physically, and induces shortness of 
life. The knowledge of these facts should be an incentive to 
the study of hygiene, and the application of its laws to the 
human organism. Diet suited to each individual, proper ex- 
ercise and clothing, with sunlight, pure air and water, should 
be considered as first in the scale of human necessities, and 
the effort to procure them the first and highest of religions 
duties. 



198 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

THE MUSCULAE SYSTEM. 

The eye is, perhaps more than any other feature, the ex- 
ponent of the muscular power of the entire body. It con- 
tains within its small orbit more muscles, more active and 
finer ones, and those which express more emotions, sentiments 
and mental energies, than those of any other part of the mus- 
cular system. Hence, the eye is properly the most prominent 
facial sign of the Muscular development. The larger and 
fuller the eye and its orbit, the greater is the predominance 
of the Muscular system in the body. This law obtains in 
the animal kingdom as well as in the human family. Those 
animals that are best developed in their muscular systems, 
and. which depend mainly upon their activity for their liveli- 
hood, have larger eyes than those which have other systems 
of functions dominant. The high-flying birds, the vultures, 
falcons, and eagles, the animals that live in mountainous 
countries, such as the deer, springbok, ibex, gazelle, etc., 
have larger eyes in proportion to their size than the domestic 
animals, the horse, dog, sheep, and camel, in which the Os- 
seous system prevails. 

The class of individuals who are engaged in artistic pur- 
suits, such as sculpture, painting, and acting, and who are 
writers of poetic and imaginative works, are invariably large- 
eyed as compared to mechanics, scientists, and moralists, 
and an examination of their organisms will show that the 
Muscular system is in excess of the Bony. Were this not 
the case they could not express emotion, for bone is incapa- 
ble of such expression ; nor could they excel in works of art, 
for in this department of industry the muscles must be able 
to take command of the hones. The sculptor, painter, and 
actor must be made of more pliable material than bone; so 
also must the athlete and the musician. They must also be 
endowed with more active material than fat, for too much fat 
creates inertia, and is not as intelligent as muscle. Muscle 
alone is capable of expressing emotion or feeling. Bones 
cannot do this, neither can fat nor brain; fat is for warmth, 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 199 

for social and sensual enjoyments; muscle is for action and 
emotion, and brain for abstract reasoning. If brain is for 
the expression of art, sentiment, sociality, and feeling, as 
many believe, for what purpose are the muscles and the in- 
ternal viscera? The phrenological idea that the eye is the 
"organ" of language, and that the brain back of it pushes 
it forward, making it appear large where language is well in- 
dicated in the individual, is like many other phrenological 
ideas, only a half tauth, like the notion that the sign for the 
sense of weight is caused by a bulging out of the brain where 
this sign is located in the forehead. The signs for Weight 
and Language are caused, not by any particular fullness of 
brain-matter anywhere, but are both due to the same cause; 
viz., an excessive development of the Muscular system. We 
cannot use brain for language; one portion of the brain sits 
in judgment upon our speech, but neither brain nor nerve- 
matter can produce one word. It is true, the nerves assist 
all the operations of the body and mind, as intelligence or 
mind inheres in every portion and organ of the body; but 
brain and nerves are not the principal actors in either speech, 
sentiment, emotion, or art. The action and power of the 
brain have been entirely overrated, and Phrenology has as- 
sisted this erroneous popular idea by setting forth that the 
brain is the organ of the mind. This has been so generally 
accepted that now even disbelievers in that science have an 
idea that a large head, and particularly a great bulging fore- 
head, are evidences of a mighty intellect. Nothing can be 
farther from the truth. Great foreheads are in many cases, 
if not in most, evidences of great slowness and stupidity, 
while men with foreheads rather low, and sometimes slightly 
retreating, are found among the foremost men of the world. 
Such men are the leaders in thought and action. The physi- 
ognomies of Fox, Priestley, Marlborough, La Place, Gam- 
betta, Fremont, Lord Chatham, and many others, who have 
led in thought and activity in practical life, show foreheads 
not high and slightly retreating. The sooner we can discard 
the idea that the brain is all-powerful, and adopt the fact; 



200 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

that all parts of the body contribute to the general intelli- 
gence and to the phenomena called "mental operations," the 
sooner will we arrive at a just and truthful understanding of 
the science of mind and of human character. 

The eye has for the carrying forward of its work the as- 
sistance of several transparent fluids, as well as a coloring 
pigment. Where this pigment is lacking in depth of color, 
as in the case of albinoes, whether it be in human or animal 
albinoes, the vision is defective. Where the eyes are very 
light in color, the sense or understanding of the shades, hues, 
and harmonies of color is wanting to a degree. The retina 
cannot reflect the image correctly if the pigment is not dense 
enough, or if it be too light colored, any more than can the 
camera obscura exclude the superfluous rays, and fasten the 
picture upon the plate where its color is deficient. 

The eye, more than any other feature, unfolds the charac- 
ter of the individual. The form, size, color, quality, and 
brightness, the manner of placing it in its orbit, and its rela- 
tion to the surrounding parts, together with that indefinable 
something which we call expression, and which is incapable 
of scientific description, must be "sensed" by the intuitive 
reader of physiognomy if he would comprehend the individ- 
ual under inspection. We are apt to give the sense of sight 
far more credit than it deserves. Much of the knowledge 
which we think we have gained from sight alone is due to the 
co-ordination of the sense of touch with sight. Let the 
reader experiment by shutting the eyes, and feeling all the 
articles in common use, especially by touching clothing 
hanging in a dark closet. He will find the sense of touch so 
exquisite that he will cease to marvel at the achievements of 
the blind. 

In analyzing the action of the Muscular system, regard 
must be had to the differences existing between the flat thin 
muscles and the round full muscles. These differences orig- 
inate two classes of character. The thin flat muscles are 
found in those organisms devoid of juices; consequently, the 
emotions are not as spontaneous, and the execution of art is 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 201 

not as easy, as when the muscles are full and round. This 
difference may be known by the eye. The eyes of those with 
thin flat muscles are large, but not full and protruding, while 
the round muscles show full prominent eyes. 

THE EAE. 

The ear, as well as the eye, is an exponent of the Muscu- 
lar system. In the lower animal organisms no appearance of 
anything like an ear was found until the Muscular system 
was evolved; and as the same methods of evolution were em- 
ployed by the creative power in developing the functions and 
faculties of the human race as were used in evolving the 
lower animal races, we accordingly find the ear and all the 
appurtenances involved in its office in the Muscular division 
of the body. Without going into a minute anatomical de- 
scription of the ^ear, which the reader can do for himself by 
consulting any author on the subject, it is sufficient to note 
that every portion of the sense of hearing, like the faculty 
of speech, is performed mainly by the muscular, cartilagi- 
nous, or membraneous structures. It is true that here the 
nerves assist, as well as certain fluids; but in deciding on the 
degree of muscle in an individual, we can use the ear as well 
as the eye for this purpose. If the ear be round and thick, 
the Muscular system will be well defined, or if the ear be 
large and thick; but where the ear is thin, the Osseous, Tho- 
racic, or Brain system will be indicated. The ear shows the 
power of the tympanum to receive sound. The manner in 
which it is conveyed to the auditory nerve and its termina- 
tions is most interesting. I take pleasure in quoting from 
Mr. Tyndall's excellent work on "Sound" the following de- 
scription of its production within the ear. He observes : 

' ' The sound of an explosion is propagated as a pulse, or 
wave, through the air. This wave, impinging on the tym- 
panic membrane, causes it to shiver; its tremors are trans- 
mitted to the auditory nerve, and along the auditory nerve to 
the brain, where it announces itself as sound. We have the 
14 



202 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

strongest reason for believing that what the nerves convey to 
the brain is in all cases motion. It is the motion excited by 
sugar in the nerves of taste, which, transmitted to the brain, 
produces the sensation of sweetness. The motion here 
meant is not of the nerves as a whole; it is the vibration or 
tremors* of the molecules, or smallest particles. Different 
nerves are appropriated to the different kinds of molecular 
motion. The nerves of taste, for example, are not compe- 
tent to transmit the tremors of light, nor is the optic nerve 
competent to transmit sonorous vibrations." 

A very eminent oculist informed me that perfect eyes are 
so rare as hardly ever to be met; that is to say, perfect in 
their mechanism. To hear the different versions of several 
persons who have listened to the recital of the same narra- 
tive, we would infer that the ear partook of the same imper- 
fection. The several senses are all indicative of the gen- 
eral tone and equilibrium of the mind. If an organism be 
well balanced, I believe all the senses will be more nearly per- 
fect than where an unbalanced condition exists. This should 
teach us the importance of striving to produce and transmit 
an equilibrated condition, in order that our sight, hearing, 
smell, taste, touch, and memory and reason, may be kept in 
their highest vigor and power, and thus our knowledge of 
the outer world will be based on the truth — upon reality. 
The faculties of seeing and hearing are primarily for the 
protection and preservation of the body. Full protection 
can ensue only by careful and hygienic treatment. It- is 
wrong to prostitute the eyes by unlawful use, as it tends to 
weaken our capacities, and destroys our power for receiving 
correct impressions of what transpires. 

WEIGHT. 

The physical use of the sense of Weight is primarily to as- 
sist in balancing when walking; also, to prevent the individual 
from falling when exposed in dangerous positions on mount- 
ains, high buildings, ladders, steeples, etc., and to balance 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 203 

him in running, leaping, and in all ways where the muscular 
sense is needed to protect the body. The sense of weight is 
related to the Muscular system. Where it is well developed 
the muscles called corrugator supercilii will be found much 
enlarged. (See sign for Weight.) Sir William Hamilton 
and Sir Charles Bell, the eminent anatomist, had both formed 
conceptions of a sense which they denominated the "mus- 
cular sense." I find the most prominent sign of this sense 
shown in the sign for Weight. It will be found large in 
those who have exercised balancing of the body, in rope- 
dancrng, climbing, billiard-playing, carpentering, and also 
in those who have been accustomed to estimate weight by 
handling or lifting. The great astronomers all exhibit this 
sign, and found this faculty and function most useful to them 
in their vocations. 

THE HANDS AND FEET. 

The hands and feet are exponents of the mechanical and 
artistic powers mainly, although very much more of the char- 
acter can be gained from a close scrutiny of them. When- 
ever the individual possesses a large endowment of Weight, 
Form, Size, Order, and Calculation, the hands and feet will 
show the mechanical power predominant by an excess of 
bone, with a due admixture of muscle. Where the Brain and 
Nerve system prevails, the hands and feet will be small and 
wanting in mechanical shape and power. The artistic hand 
has more muscle and fatty tissue than the mechanical hand. 
Thus to a good observer the hands and feet are exponents of 
mental and mechanical abilities. 

The art of chiromancy, once so popular, is based on Com- 
parative Anatomy. Observers compared the hands of per- 
sons who were artistic, scientific, mechanical, or sensual, 
sufficiently to generalize and classify them. In looking over 
the writings of Desbarolles, Balzac, and others on this sub- 
ject, I find that in the main their ideas agree with scientific 
physiognomy in regard to the meanings of characteristics of 



204 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the hand. This branch of physiognomy is a very pretty 
study, and one can, by a little observation and practice, read 
character from the hand well enough to make a fine game for 
an evening's entertainment. The hand, as I understand it, 
corresponds in its method of growth with the order observed 
in the evolution of the rest of the human organism. The 
thumb, which is peculiarly a human member (no animal pos- 
sessing a perfect thumb), reveals this order most admirably. 
The first or upper joint represents the Brain and Nerve sys- 
tem, the middle joint the Architectural or middle portion of 
the body, while the lowest joint, that connected with the 
hand, tells us of the Vegetative division; and these three 
parts of the thumb will in all cases correspond with the 
mental, artistic or mechanical, and sensual character of its 
possessor. As I have elsewhere treated of the hands and 
feet, further consideration of them here will be unnecessary. 

SUMMABY TO BATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS. 

CHEMICAL DIVISION. 

In the preceding resume of the facial signs and meanings 
of the functions of the several organ-systems of the human 
organism, we find that the Chemical or underlying division 
of the human system and the lowest division of the face pre- 
sent nearly every characteristic and sign that is observed in 
the primary stages of primeval organisms. The functions 
here exhibited are those of assimilation or digestion, of ex- 
cretion and secretion as exhibited in the kidney and intestinal 
systems, and of reproduction and respiration. The faculties 
evolved by the chemical action of these functions are the 
same that are common to animals possessing similar func- 
tions. Some naturalists class plants in this division, inas- 
much as plants have the properties of sustentation, repro- 
duction, and of excretion and inhalation in a certain sense. 
They take in through their numerous stomata one portion of 
the atmosphere, and exhale or throw off another. This is 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 205 

considered analogous to respiration, although the organs of 
respiration are not present as in animals and man. Yet all 
these vegetative functions are performed, evidencing a unity 
of action which is more observable the more profoundly we 
investigate Nature. 

Other naturalists go so far as to offer proofs of will and 
sensibility in certain plants, notably the carnivorous class. 
Whether their claims are well founded or not, we'cannot 
deny to plants chemical action and enough of fixed formation 
by means of their fibres to give them a place in the Archi- 
tectural division of Nature; but I think when sensibility is 
demanded for them it may be disallowed. Notwithstanding 
my love and veneration for trees, plants, and flowers amount 
almost to a worship of them, I shall not let either my loves 
or beliefs conflict with scientific statements if I can prevent 
it.« I do not approve of such mixtures, as they tend to mis- 
lead and confuse the mind. 

The possession of all the attributes of mind cannot be de- 
nied the higher animals, for facts attest that many of them 
are superior in every sense, as regards reason, memory, intu- 
ition, invention, artistic and mechanical ability, calculation, 
honor, cleanliness, and morality, to the lowest grades of hu- 
man beings, and they are in some traits superior to the 
highest. The faculties derived from the Chemical division 
are purely Vegetative. They exhibit dullness of intellect, 
sensuality, selfishness (of a negative sort), sluggish circula- 
tion, with an excess of fluidity; a great desire for assimila- 
tion, particularly of fluids, added to a love of domestic 
enjoyments; slow motions and inclined to inertia. The feel- 
ings are, owing to the softness of the constituents of this 
system, not positive; even love of offspring, which is well 
marked in this division, shows its power more in feeding and 
playing with children than in any way which requires activity 
or motion. 

ARCHITECTURAL DIVISION. 

This division exhibits all those functions and faculties 
which are produced mainly by the action of the mechanical 



206 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

or building powers inherent in the mechanism thus produc- 
ing them. Within this department of the body are found 
illustrations of nearly all the principles of natural forces, 
and in the middle portion of the face the signs for all these 
functions and faculties are placed. The laws of acoustics, 
optics, pneumatics, hydrostatics, hydraulics, gravity, fric- 
tion, capillary attraction, the lever powers, the pulley, the 
valve, different sorts of hinges and joints, together with gal- 
vanism and magnetism, find in this department their best 
illustration. The functions and faculties depending upon 
these principles for their power are the most varied in the 
entire organism. The functions which are exhibited by these 
powers are concerned in the form, size, motion, and action 
of the body; the faculties emanating from these functions 
contribute to the form and activity of everything which man 
does in the nature of architecture, and here I use this word 
in its most comprehensive sense. It includes the mechani- 
cal construction or building of all literary works, of sculpt- 
ure, drawing, painting, designing, of dramatic representa- 
tion, of the mechanical portions of music — of mechanical 
operations generally ; in short, of every effort of man which 
brings into action any mechanical principle whatever. The 
more a man has of these principles in his own organism, the 
better he. can express them in works. The functions in this 
division are performed by the muscles, bones, lungs, heart, 
liver, eyes, ears, hands, and feet. An examination of the 
principles which are involved in the action of these functions 
will show their capacity in the direction of architectural 
effort. An excess of action of the lungs and heart gives fine 
arterial circulation. This causes ambition, elevated senti- 
ments, moral inclinations (observe how much morality of 
conduct is dependent upon fresh air and plenty of it), love 
and capacity for leadership, keen sensations, active sympa- 
thies, and noble aspirations. Those in whom the Muscular 
system is regnant are highly magnetic; hence, we must infer 
that the metallic substances which create magnetism are con- 
stituents of this tissue. I am not sufficiently familiar with 



RATIONALE OP FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 207 

histology to demonstrate this experimentally, but must con- 
tent myself with the fact as illustrated in Nature, leaving the 
demonstration to those more capable who may chance to note 
this observation and statement of natural law. 



MATHEMATICAL DIVISION. 

The Mathematical division, or Brain or Nerve system, en- 
dows its possessor with great nervous and mental energy, 
activity, intuition, and capacity for receiving sensations, thus 
assisting by its intuitive perceptions and extreme sensitive- 
ness in protecting the entire organism. This is its office 
primarily. This system in excess manifests reason, judg- 
ment, opinion, and mathematical ability. It also exhibits 
great electric power, as the Muscular system does magnetism. 
Electricity abounds also in animal organisms, notably in the 
torpedo fish, the Surinam eel, the silurus electricus, and sev- 
eral other species of fish, which are capable of giving elec- 
tric shocks. This is their manner of defending themselves, 
and is probably a compensation for the lack of some other 
quality which would serve the same purpose. The Brain and 
Nerve system being the most delicate, sensitive, and the 
finest of all the organ-systems, is protected and sustained by 
a greater [proportion of electricity than the < other systems. 
This is the finest and most subtile force known to man. 

The Vegetative division is sustained by its superior pow- 
ers of assimilation and nutrition, and the Architectural by 
the strength of the mechanical powers, by the bones, mus- 
cles, heart, liver, and lungs. The Brain and Nerve system, 
being the highest and most perfected of all the systems in 
the body, is sustained by the superior quality of electricity 
evolved from its nervous and cerebral structures; hence its 
susceptibility to sensations, and activity, rapidity, and con- 
tinuity of intellectual processes. 

As in the body there are five superior organ-systems — five 
chief systems of functions and faculties — so in the brain 
there are five divisions, designated by naturalists as the fore- 



208 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

brain, twixt-brain, mid-brain, hind-brain, and after-brain. 
The fore-brain, which is popularly regarded as the portion 
of the brain where the intellect is located, spreads in its de- 
velopment or successive growths (as witnessed in the lower 
animal organisms and in the human embryo) nearly over the 
entire brain. Its three coverings — the dura mater, the pia 
mater, and the arachnoid, seem diffused, as it were, through 
the other parts of the brain, which they also inclose. Mr. 
Haeckel observes of the fore-brain: 

' ',The highest activities of the animal body, the wonderful 
manifestations of consciousness, the complex phenomena of 
the activities of thought, have their seat in the fore-brain. 
It is possible to remove the great hemispheres of a mammal 
piece by piece without killing the animal, thus proving that 
the higher mental activities, consciousness and thought, con- 
scious volition and sensation, may be destroyed one by one, 
and finally entirely annihilated. If the animal thus treated 
is artificially fed, it may be kept alive for a long time; for the 
nourishment of the entire body, digestion and respiration, 
the circulation of the blood, secretion — in short, the vegeta- 
tive functions — are in no way destroyed by this destruction 
of the most important mental organs. Conscious sensation 
and voluntary motion, the capacity for thought and the com- 
bination of the various higher mental activities, have alone 
been lost. 

" This fore-brain, this source of all these wonderful nervous 
activities, reaches that high degree of perfection only in the 
higher placental animals (Placentalid) , a fact which explains 
very clearly why the higher mammals so far excel the lower 
in intellectual capacity." 

Let me here digress a moment to call the attention of the 
reader to the last paragraph, as affording additional evidence 
of one of my positions; viz., that the perfection of the re- 
productive system and the perfection of creative art or talent 
in man are always found in combination. Indeed, all human 
character depends upon the fact of being well sexed for its 
perfection, for its energy, ambition, and general power in 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 209 

any direction. Power, Talent, Intellect are all questions de- 
pendent entirely upon physiology and anatomy. 

The coincidence of five separate brain-bladders, as they 
are termed, evolving in the order of progressive evolution 
just as did the five organ-systems — viz., the Vegetative, the 
Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous, and Nerve systems, or 
the medulla or plexuses, as they evolved before any brain 
proper appeared — is remarkable and worthy of our investi- 
gation. In the absence of any positive proof on the part of 
anatomists and naturalists as to the separate and individual 
functional action or" these five well defined growths or divis- 
ions, only theories can be presented. As in the body we 
find every function localized (or, if diffused, as are the mus- 
cles, glands, or some other organs, they can be traced by 
similarity of structure), so we must infer that each of these 
functions has its representative in the brain, or in some cer- 
ebral structure, and this includes the medulla oblongata. 
My theory in regard to localizing the consciousness of the 
several faculties and functions in the brain is this (and I 
argue entirely from the order of evolution observed in ani- 
mal development and human embryology) : That as the outer 
skin-covering was the first portion of the nervous system to 
evolve, it comprised the first sense-organ, or mental power; 
from this outer skin, by differentiation the nervous system 
and brain proper were evolved. The first organ-systems and 
functions which appeared were, first, the intestinal, and, sec- 
ond, the kidney system. Afterward all the other organ and 
sense-systems appeared by differentiation in the order previ- 
ously stated, until the entire complex human system was 
reached. All these growths were the product of countless 
eons of geologic periods, each successive growth being ush- 
ered in by geologic conditions suited to its operations and 
necessitated by upward coeval development. Now, we know 
that there was a beginning to organs and organisms as such, 
and naturalists teach us that there were successive growths 
and superadditions of physical functions which accompanied 
or appeared simultaneously with so-called mental faculties; 



210 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

that these functions and faculties appeared in the following 
order — that is, observing the order of the five superior or- 
gan-systems of the human body — 1st, the Vegetative, or 
Chemical; 2d, the Thoracic; 3d, the Muscular, or Animal; 
4th, the Osseous, or Mechanical; 5th, the Brain and Nerve, 
or Cerebrum. Now, if these systems evolved in this order 
(and we have proof incontestable that they did, and in human 
embryology we have the strongest evidence), we must infer 
that the intelligence or consciousness needed to operate these 
organ -systems was evolved or developed in precisely the same 
order. 

I must believe that the way to localize the seat of con- 
sciousness or intelligence of these five systems in the brain 
(for I. admit that all these systems have representation there 
as well as in the ganglionic masses and their attachments sit- 
uated in the different parts of the body) is to trace the evolu- 
tion of the brain and nervous system in the order of its 
successive growths or development. We know that in the 
invertebrate animals, those which have no brain, the mental 
and mechanical operations are carried on by means of the 
nervous system and nervous plexuses located in their bodies. 
The wonderful organization of communities of bees, for ex- 
ample, that form monarchical governments, divided into sev- 
eral orders, such as the queen bee, the drones, the nobility, 
the workers, nurses, and soldiers. All of these different 
orders perform their several duties according to their rank 
as methodically as do similar orders in a human monarchy. 
The ants, also without brains, form, on the contrary, a per- 
fect republican system of government, managed as intelli- 
gently as the former, and, like our own republic in its early 
days, have the "divine institution " of slavery. They have 
slave-steal ers and slave-holders; one species of red ants steal 
the small black ants and rear them to work, while others are 
set to tending plant-lice, whose milk or juice they are trained 
to collect. Thus man has unconsciously imitated the sys- 
tems of government and industry, of cruelty and injustice, 
of these minute animals. This teaches us the lesson that 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 2 I 1 

creatures without brain, reason, or conscience, perform the 
precise acts of government, of wrong, outrage, and injustice, 
that creatures do who are believed to possess these fine qual- 
ities. With much truth, the monkey observed that "man is 
an imitative animal." Now, these creatures without brains 
do exactly as man does with brains. This makes good my 
position that intelligence in the lower animals is located in 
the bodily organs, without the necessity of one central organ 
or brain, as we find in the vertebrate classes. 

In developing in a more complex manner, man has not 
parted with the power for mental action derived from the organs 
and nervous plexuses of the body, but has added thereto the 
superior intelligence exhibited by that portion of the brain 
where abstract reason is located, or brought into conscious- 
ness "in some mysterious manner," as Lewes remarks. Evo- 
lution has also enhanced the quality of the bodily functions 
and mental faculties — made them more complex, more dif- 
fused, and more intricately related. 

I would here suggest to the anatomist who wishes to im- 
mortalize his name that he undertake to trace, if possible, 
the course of connection between the organs and functions 
of the viscera and senses and the cerebral structure, taking 
the evolution of the five organ-systems for his basis of in- 
vestigation. He would do what no one has as yet been able 
to demonstrate scientifically and beyond all doubt. 

For many centuries the Aristotelian theory of the circle 
held possession of the mind of the scientific world. It was 
argued that as the circle was the most perfect of forms, it 
must hence represent the orbit or path of the celestial bodies 
through space. Kepler proved this to be an error, and from 
that moment astronomy advanced with rapid strides. This 
idea held captive the minds of men, and impeded for ages 
the advance of truth. The theory that the brain is the sole 
and exclusive seat of mind, intelligence, and mental sensa- 
tions has kept back for years the knowledge of the true nature 
of man — therefore of true religion. If we desire to progress 
in knowledge of the truth of God's laws, of scientific and 



212 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

exact law, we must utterly repudiate and cast out such mon- 
strous error, and henceforth regard the entire organism of 
man as the seat of his mind. 

I will close this summary by stating my belief that no one 
will rise from the perusal of these pages without, in some 
degree, modifying preconceived ideas as to the rationale of 
mental operations and the origin and locality of the mind. 



The following exhibit shows the various organs and func- 
tions from which the several mental faculties derive their 
powers: 

Conscientiousness. . .Kidneys. 

Firmness Bony System, 

Alimentiveness Intestines. 

Benevolence Glandular system. 

Amativeness Reproductive system. 

Love of Young Glandular system. 

Mirthf ulness Glandular system. 

Self-esteem Bony system. 

Modesty Skin and Nerves. 

Approbativeness .... Glands. 

Friendship Intestines. 

Resistance Muscular system. . 

Force. . Muscular system. 

Secretiveness Muscular and Glandular. 

Cautiousness Muscular and Glandular. 

Hope Liver. 

Analysis Liver. 

Human Nature Healthy equilibrium of mind and body. 

Imitation Muscular and Nerves of Sense. 

Sublimity Equilibrated and powerful condition of 

the body. 

Ideality Brain and Nerves. 

Acquisitiveness Yisceral vigor and Muscular develop- 
ment. 



RATIONALE OF FUNCTIONS AND SIGNS. 



215 




LOCAL SIGNS FOE THE MENTAL FACULTIES. 
The above outline indicates by figures the positions of the local signs for the 
mental faculties. Many of them (particularly those about the tip of the nose) lie so 
closely together that keen discrimination will be required to locate them. The face 
being itself a microcosm, or miniature world, the difficulties of placing so many 
signs in so small a space, and have them clearly defined, must be apparent to the 
reader. For the sake of progress, it is essential that these localized signs should be 
comprehended thoroughly. I have not numbered such of the faculties as are general 
or that have more than one local sign ; as, for example, Secretiveness, Kesistance, 
Force, Form, Size, etc. These numbers are placed as correctly as can be, away from 
the living subject. 

12 — Analysis. 

13 — Imitation. 

14 — Cautiousness . 

15— Ideality. 

16— Sublimity. 

17 — Human Nature. 

18 — Constructiveness. 

1 9 — Acquisitiveness . 

20 — Veneration. 

21 — Executiveness. 

22— Self-will. 

23 — Credenciveness. 



1 — Conscientiousness. 

2 — Firmness. 

3 — Alimentiveness . 

4 — Benevolence. 

5 — Amativeness. 

6 — Love of Young. 

7 — Mirthfulness. 
A — Friendship. 

8 — Approbativeness. 

9 — Modesty. 
10— Self-esteem. 
11— Hope. 



24 — Observation. 

25 — Memory of Events. 

26— Weight. 

27— Locality. 

28— Color. 

29— Order. 

30 — Calculation. 

31 — Language. 

32— Music. 

33 — Comparison. 

34: — Causality. 



214 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Constructiveness . . . .Muscular system. 

Veneration Bony system. 

Executiveness. ...... .Bony and Muscular systems. 

Self-will Muscular system. 

Observation Muscles and Nerves. 

Form Bony structure. 

Size Bony structure. 

Weight Muscular system. 

Locality Muscular system. 

Color Glands and arterial circulation. 

Order Bony system. 

Calculation Bony and Muscular systems. 

Memory of Events . . Muscular and Brain systems. 

Language Muscular system. 

Time. Bony, Muscular, and Brain systems. 

Causality Brain. 

Comparison Brain. 

Intuition Brain and Nerves. 






CHAPTER VIII. 

BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF THE GROUPING OF FACIAL SIGNS. 

There are many faculties that do not develop to any, or 
scarcely any, appreciable extent until the age of puberty is 
passed. Some of the features will be found correspondingly 
wanting in character until the fifteenth year at least. The 
nose does not assume its just and true proportions until about 
that age. The forehead, also, does not until then assume a 
fixed form, and this, too, will change considerably in the 
succeeding twenty years if the brain be much occupied. 

Faculties which require long use for their effect to be seen 
do not make their facial impress until late in life. Venera- 



BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF GROUPING. 215 

tion, Causality, and Comparison do not show in childhood 
greatly, as these faculties not having been used long their 
permanent effect upon the muscles and bones has not been 
made noticeable, and the bones of the nose do not harden 
and become developed early. Still, the forms of the several 
systems of the body will point to what is latent, but espe- 
cially will all the faculties in the organism be known to exist 
by the peculiarity of grouping, which is yet another method 
that Nature takes to stamp her meanings upon the face, and 
thus inform all beholders of the powers and peculiarities of 
the individuals so impressed. 

Several of the functions of the body are not in operation 
in childhood, and their meanings not registered fully in the 
countenance at so youthful a period. Veneration is one of 
these; Executiveness still another; Self-will has not assumed 
its greatest expression; and thus it is that the ridge of the 
nose, where these signs are distinctly recognizable in adults, 
has not its full significance in youth. Still, the germ of all 
these faculties (where they form part of the organism) is 
there, and can be understood by the other signs in near prox- 
imity to them, so harmonious is Nature in all her works. 

The signs of the faculties in the first division show out in 
early life more markedly than any others, for as these relate 
to the nourishment and sustentation of the body more par- 
ticularly, they are dominant in childhood. Those relating to 
mechanism, art, religion, literature, and pure reason advance 
with the unfolding powers of the body. Still, the combina- 
tions of the several systems of the body will show by their 
conformation what will be the ultimate powers of the indi- 
vidual. 

Let us commence our examination of the grouping with 
the first, or Chemical division. This includes those faculties 
which Phrenology has designated as animal propensities. 
The term animal, as applied by Phrenology to the part of 
the human organism which comprises the functions of nutri- 
tion, secretion, respiration, and reproduction, is a misnomer. 
The term animal applies properly only to such parts of the 



216 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

system as are endowed with motion, volition, and sensation. 
These functions cannot exist without some sort of muscles 
and nerves. These may be in the simplest form, or highly 
perfected, as in the higher species of organisms; but until 
such mechanism is supplied to an organism it cannot be des- 
ignated "animal." These four functions are common alike 
to vegetable and animal growths, and therefore are recognized 
in this system of Physiognomy, as well as by scientists gen- 
erally, as Yegetative. 

I think the term "animal" is misleading, and tends to de- 
grade these faculties in the estimation of the reader, inasmuch 
as they form the basis of the mind and moral character, and 
as it is owing entirely to the use we make of these faculties 
whether we become either healthful or moral. I believe it 
should be taught that they hold the most important place in 
the organism. The term Chemical is far more appropriate 
and expressive. As the operations of the faculties in this 
division are purely chemical, I can see no reason for naming 
them differently. 

In the bony width and length of the chin will be found the 
most prominent signs of Conscientiousness and Firmness. 
Other signs there are for these faculties, which have already 
been explained. These faculties form the basis of character 
and commence in the physical powers, where justice and de- 
cision should predominate. 

In the lower cheek will be found the sign of digestion. 
About the mouth and cheeks are other signs of digestion, 
Resistance, as well as the domestic endowments, Love of the 
Opposite Sex, Love of Young, Mirthfulness, Approbative- 
ness, Friendship, Benevolence, Self-esteem, and Modesty. 
The beauty and harmony of this group must impress them- 
selves upon all minds. These faculties, which are naturally 
and necessarily related to each other, here together find their 
most decided register. I have explained elsewhere, as the 
reader will observe, how the general signs may be located. 

The next group, as we come higher up in the scale of de- 
veloped character, shows us, first, the building powers; for, 



BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF GROUPING. 217 

after the sustentation and procreation of the race, the need 
for shelter becomes of the greatest importance. Hence it is, 
that in this division we find all that relates to the ability for 
architecture, in its primary and broadest sense, and also all 
that goes to show the qualities which make man himself 
more perfectly built, and which exhibit his capacity in the 
material world, for constructing, inventing, fashioning, shap- 
ing, and coloring ideas, images, buildings, works of art, 
science, and mechanism. 

Examine the group at the end of the nose. At the extreme 
point, drooping downward, Imitation, the first essential in 
building, in following and imitating the natural laws ob- 
served in Nature's processes, the principles of which are 
found in man's own organization. Next above is Human 
Nature; on either side, Ideality, or love of the beautiful; 
the nearest sign to this, Sublimity; the next sign to Sublim- 
ity, Constructiveness; still farther back of the last, Acquis- 
itiveness. The adaptability and harmony of this group are 
quite apparent. As before mentioned, all the faculties were 
primarily intended for the preservation, perpetuation, and 
perfecting of the race. The placing of these signs is espe- 
cially noteworthy as indicating the furthering of the perfec- 
tion of man. 

These local signs have more than one significance. They 
not only indicate man's abilities in building from the mate- 
rials of the physical world, but show by their location and 
degree of power of each of these faculties within the organ- 
ism of the possessor his ability to transmit and reproduce 
them again in the human species. They show to us yet more. 
They prove man's innate and instinctive perception and ap- 
preciation of these traits in others; for it is a well estab- 
lished law that one cannot fully comprehend in another that 
which is greatly lacking in himself. Hence, he who possesses 
these faculties is able to select in a companion those qualities 
which in combination with his own will go still farther toward 
the upbuilding and perfecting of the species. 

Love of the beautiful is located on each side of Human 
15 



218 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Nature, thus enabling him who possesses these to judge of 
the same in others. These two, with Constructiveness, which 
lies close by Ideality, give the power to construct as well as 
to perpetuate like faculties in offspring and in artistic crea- 
tions. 

Acquisitiveness, lying close upon Constructiveness, shows 
the desire and ability to acquire 'materials, powers, and re- 
sources for carrying forward the work of construction. 

Analysis gives the ability to classify and suggest ways and 
means for the disposition of these materials, to advise in 
the construction, and lead by suggestion to the invention of 
necessary improvements. 

These faculties, in conjunction with Hope, give all that 
power which is needed for selecting and constructing the 
human organism on a more perfected plan. Finally, and in 
their ultimate use, they enable us to create works of art, 
such as statuary, pictures, and poems, teeming with beauty 
and grandeur, breathing of hope and sublimity, elevating the 
individual to grander heights of imagination and more mar- 
velous achievements in art. This grouping is not separated 
by any arbitrary sign of division, but each arrangement of 
faculties seems to be placed so as to give assistance to others 
related naturally to it. 

Leading up from this last group, higher still upon the ridge 
of the nose, we find placed next above Human Nature the 
sign for Veneration. This faculty leads to respect for all 
things that deserve respect — God, law, righteousness, and 
old age. It yields ready obedience to what it considers right, 
and through the same feeling has power to assist in carrying 
out laws, regulations, and customs in consonance with the 
spirit of respect and veneration. 

Next above this you will see the sign for Executiveness. 
This faculty is akin to Veneration in its nature; but, going 
still farther in the work of Veneration, commands by force, 
if needs be, the respect and right due. This faculty causes 
the highest outline on the nose. 

The next sign, Self-will, is located in a position to give 



BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF GROUPING. 219 

aid and support to the faculties which cluster about it. 
Placed at the junction, as it were, of the artistic, mechan- 
ical, and religious groups, Form and Size are on either side 
of it; Observation, Memory of Events, Locality, Weight, 
Color, Order, and Calculation, in its immediate neighbor- 
hood. A decided Self-will, in conjunction with a good com- 
bination of faculties, either moral, religious, artistic, or 
mechanical, is a grand possession, as it affords the stimulus 
necessary for success. But, without a strong sense of jus- 
tice, it leads to inordinate selfishness, ignoring the rights 
and wishes of others, and seeking only its own gratification 
at all hazards. King Henry VIII. of England was one of the 
latter class; the sign is large in his physiognomy. 

The next group clusters about the eyes, and depends 
chiefly upon those organs for the power to do the practical 
work which Size, Form, Locality, Observation, Color, Order, 
and Calculation are called upon to perform. The more 
prominent are these signs in the face, the more practical the 
individual will be. These signs are all related either to the 
Muscular or Osseous system; they depend upon the predom- 
inance of those tw r o systems for the power to carry forward 
the operations of the faculties of which these signs are rep- 
resentative. Some of these faculties are very nearly related; 
as, for example, Order and Calculation; and these two assist 
Music and Time. The most of these faculties which are 
found in connection with a large protuberance of bone, form- 
ing the bony ridge covered by the eyebrows, are related to 
the hands and feet; that is to say, that where these signs are 
very decided, the Bony and Muscular systems are in the 
ascendancy. Hence, the hands and feet are the channels 
through which these systems operate. Where the Muscular 
system dominates, the bony ridge is not so prominent, and 
the eyebrows are raised higher up than we find them in 
mechanical and practical individuals. 

The beauty and harmony of the next group of signs must 
be apparent to the reader at first glance. Here'pure abstract 
reason holds its sway, dominating the entire man; computing, 



220 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

by its mathematical powers, the combined resources of the 
organism over which it presides. Here intuition, time, 
rhythm, harmony, space, and dynamics are judged; the cause 
of all things is traced to its origin, and Comparison takes 
mental note of the differentiation produced by the complex 
action of the laws of Nature. It is in this department that 
man's superiority over the brute creation is more distinctly 
manifested than in any other. In the animal kingdom, the 
beaver and spider may teach man construction; the ant, me- 
chanics and government; the elephant, sagacity; the fox, 
craft; the ape, imitation; the dog and horse, fidelity and 
patience; all mammals, love of offspring; but man alone is 
capable of abstract reasoning in its highest power. 

The form and position of the local signs of these faculties 
in the face is an added proof of the truths of Physiognomy. 
Yerymuch can be learned of this science by the study of the 
forms of animals and the characteristics which accompany 
them. It is in this department of natural history that the 
best tests of Physiognomy are found. Here all is openness 
and candor; no dissimulation, no "keeping up of appear- 
ances" from any motive whatever, but frankness, truth, and 
natural qualities are found; and Nature, not hampered or 
distorted by injurious habits, is seen in its true light. The 
forms of the animal world are left unfettered by appliances 
which would tend to deform or dwarf them, and the faculties, 
consequently, are in normal action. Here, then, is the best 
place for a commencement of the study of Physiognomy, as 
well as for its verification; for the forms and signs of facul- 
ties in the animal indicate the like faculties in man, and are 
accompanied by the same forms and sigDS. In form, color, 
quality of hair and skin, all have a similar meaning, and man 
needs only the degree of observation given to other studies 
to become the interpreter of Nature's most palpable and 
unfailing indicator of faculties. Hence it is, that in their 
traits and forms, animals foreshadow and typify like condi- 
tions in man; depending for their explanation on tbe same 
colors, forms, and textures, they will be found identical in 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 221 

both; therefore, a close observation and keen analysis of 
animal life, together with the study of recent discoveries as 
to their habits, will advance the student incalculably in the 
knowledge of human Physiognomy. A work entitled "Mind 
in the Lower Animals," by Lindsay, will be found most in- 
teresting and instructive to the reader. 



CHAPTER IX. 

FORM AS A UNIVERSAL AND DETERMINATING PRINCIPLE. 

" Unity of form resides in every department of the universe, and binds the whole 
in one." — Babbitt. 

Among the principles which influence and determine 
character throughout Nature, the Architectural must be 
ranked as foremost. The form or shape of everything 
throughout organic, or even inorganic, life testifies to its 
character and rank among creations. Every mineral has its 
own form of shaping. The law which causes minerals to 
crystallize always in certain shapes is not understood. The 
fact that they always do assume certain fixed architectural or 
geometrical proportions is patent to all who have made the 
slightest investigations of mineralogy, and one accustomed 
to see the various forms in which the mineral constituents of 
the earth compose themselves to rest can tell, by the sense 
of feeling, even, without seeing them, the different crystalli- 
zations of minerals, by the number of sides, or facets, which 
each mineral assumes. Sulphur always affects two distinct 
formations; quartz fashions itself, or is fashioned by the law 
which governs it, into prisms; and, however it may vary in 
shape or size, it always presents the same number of facets — 
six. Feldspar shows ten facets; silica forms thin, flat leaves; 
snow always exhibits six facets, although it produces many 



222 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

beautiful divers© crystals. Salt, too, has its own form of 
crystallizing. After their forms and accompanying properties 
are understood, their forms thereafter indicate their character. 

It is just the same in organic life. Every blade of grass, 
herb, weed, flower, shrub, and tree comes to be known by 
its form. The character of animals is determined in the 
same manner. The crouching tiger, eager for his prey; the 
timid hare, with its frightened look and long, thin, erect 
ears, announces each his character by his form. When 
looking at the great beasts of prey, we know what their forms 
indicate. If the mouth of an animal is wide and furnished 
with great fangs, we know that he is a grea*t eater and car- 
nivorous. In comparing the domestic animals — the camel, 
horse, and ox — with the former, we know, by their form and 
general appearance, that they are docile, as well as strong. 
When one observes the eagle, vulture, or falcon, with their 
clear, piercing eyes and arched beaks, he instinctively feels 
that these creatures are representatives of strength; and 
wherever we observe the arched form in Nature, we shall find 
superior power. Man, in his imitations of Natures archi- 
tectural designs, uses the arch wherever great strength is 
required. This imitation is one of the manifestations of the 
same law and power which fashioned the humps on the strong 
camel's back, and the beak of the bird of prey. 

In the human as well as animal world, like principles illus- 
trate similar characteristics. Straight form and lines denote 
straightness of action; curved or crooked lines indicate abil- 
ity and desire to move in curved rather than straight lines; 
squareness of formation shows the ability to act "on the 
square;" and uprightness and downrightness of conforma- 
tion reveals upright and downright characters. Circular 
persons love motion better than square-built ones, and are 
more capable of continued motion, especially in dancing, 
etc. Then, too, round persons and animals pursue more 
wandering lives than those who are square-built, each being 
true to the law of his conformation. The muscular races of 
people and animals travel faster, more, and enjoy it better, 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 223 

than those of the bony formation. Among animals who are 
given to excess of motion, besides the carnivora, I may men- 
tion the various deer tribes, such as the reindeer, gazelle, 
springbok; also, the greyhound, the hare, antelope, etc.; 
while the ox, elephant, camel, dromedary, dog, and horse are 
more inclined to slower motions, and enjoy a settled domes- 
tic existence. They are also more docile and teachable, and 
susceptible of more improvement, than the nomadic tribes. 

In man's organization, the same appearances indicate sim- 
ilar powers. The high, square shoulders speak of strength; 
the drooping shoulders, of weakness; the arched chest, of 
great lung-power; the flat chest, of an enfeebled, weak con- 
dition of those organs. The prominent joints of the bones 
tell us of a powerful framework; the small joints, hidden by 
fat, announce a less useful organism. Prominent features 
disclose to us a strong, ambitious character and correspond- 
ing physique. The broad, dome-shaped head reveals a ca- 
pacious brain, as well as .a body stored with vital material. 
The dome shape in architecture always exhibits more strength 
than the flat or square form; it shows more power of resist- 
ance from every quarter. Hence, we find that round features 
of the face denote power of resistance; arched features, 
ability for overcoming. The high, arched 

NOSES, 

arched from the root to the point, and rounding at the sides, 
indicate commercial capacity, the same faculty which is pos- 
sessed by the birds of prey — the faculty which profits by 
others' industries, without itself producing anything. This 
form is noticeable in those who have excelled in the world 
of commerce. Sir Moses Montefiore, the Kothschilds, Ste- 
phen Girard, John Jacob Astor, and others of like character 
possess this formation. Yanderbilt's nose is somewhat dif- 
ferent from these; his nose is the executive combined with 
the commercial. Wellington possessed the executive nose 
in its most decided form; indeed, it is not unlike a battle- 



224 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

axe in shape; very superior in this respect to Napoleon's 
nose, who met in him his conqueror. Portraits of Julius 
Caesar, Hannibal, Frederick the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte, 
General Scott, the Napiers, and many of our generals in the 
war of the Rebellion, were characterized by arched or com- 
manding noses. Those possessing this form are in danger 
of becoming overbearing and tyrannical. It requires a good 
degree of benevolence to balance this formation. This nose, 
rising high at the " bridge," always indicates superior physi- 
ological construction, as compared with the low or " scooped" 
nose. The arched nose tells us of a strong stomach and 
lungs, and these argue other powers which I have referred 
to elsewhere. 

The nose reveals the mental, literary, artistic, commercial, 
executive, and mechanical powers; hence the importance of 
having a good nose and "plenty of it." Small or flat noses 
indicate weak characters, with no power of command — not 
even of themselves. If the nostrils are so placed that one 
can see the interior from a front view, such character is self- 
ish and passionate; such will manifest little power of self- 
control, but will live in their will, feelings, and emotions. 
Where the nose is long in proportion to the other features 
of the face, a cautious and thoughtful character will be its 
companion. A long, high, thin, bloodless nose is often in- 
dicative of consumptive tendencies; thin, narrow nostrils 
would, of course, denote narrow, weak lungs. A nose which 
shows a separation into two parts, or a cleft at the tip, 
exhibits the character of a natural critic. People with such 
noses will naturally criticise everything which attracts their 
attention. The hind of criticism is indicated by the combi- 
nation of their faculties. If they possess the color sense 
largely, they will be able to analyze well all combinations of 
color; with the literary sense developed, they will criticize 
intelligently literary efforts; but they will be able to analyze 
and criticise naturally whatever falls under their observation. 

Short noses, rather inclined to turn upward, belong to 
willful, reckless, and destructive persons — often impudent 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 225 

and saucy. This form of nose is seen sometimes in the 
physiognomies of prize-fighters. Portraits of Heenan, Tom 
Savers, and Yankee Sullivan show them to have been pos- 
sessed of such. Bony noses show firm, argumentative, and 
executive qualities. Muscular, cartilaginous, or fat noses 
disclose yielding and flexible qualities, such as are needed 
in the imitative, artistic, and decorative efforts of the mind; 
hence, when a nose possesses more of the bony than muscu- 
lar development, the character is more remarkable for strong 
sense, firmness, and integrity than the nose which has more 
of muscle or fatty tissue. Here, as elsewhere, the muscles 
indicate power for feeling and expression, emotion and pas- 
sion; for muscle is relied upon by art to express its opera- 
tions. Short, round, full noses belorig to artistic and mu- 
sical people. Willi elroj, the celebrated violinist, possesses 
this form; also, Madame Parepa Kosa, vocalist, and Arthur 
Sullivan, composer. Many painters have short noses, low 
in the centre, but broad and blunt at the tip. The signs of 
Ideality, Consfcructiveness, and Sublimity are manifested, 
but the executive are entirely wanting. Yet great and orig- 
inal artists have large Executiveness, Veneration, and Self- 
will added. All these signs are decidedly prominent in 
portraits of Salvator Rosa, Michael Angelo, Peter Paul 
Rubens, Vandyck, Da Yinci, Titian, and all others who have 
shown superior original works. Originality implies force 
and courage, and a small nose never exhibits these qualities 
in artistic works. Such, not having the power to originate, 
always follow in the beaten path, and are mere copyists. 

Among dramatic artists, the same differences are observ- 
able. All of the most original and powerful actors and ac- 
tresses possess noses large in Self-will. This is one of the 
most essential faculties to those actors who sustain leading 
roles. They must be able, by force of will alone, to hold the 
character which they are depicting through several long 
acts; and this requires something more than mere imitation, 
especially in grand characters, like Kichelieu, Queen Eliza- 
beth, Marie Stuart, Adrienne Lecouvreur, etc. Accordingly, 



226 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

we see in the portraits of those who have excelled in the 
highest walks of dramatic representation, noses with Self- 
will, Executiveness, Veneration, Sublimity, Ideality or Im- 
agination, Constructiveness, Human Nature, and Mental 
Imitation very large, together with Self-esteem, Amative- 
ness, and Language. Madame Bistori, Sara Bernhardt, 
Talma, Edwin Booth, David Garrick, Sarah Siddons, Mad- 
amoiselle Mars, John P. Kemble, Junius Brutus Booth, and 
other first-class dramatic artists, have all of these signs in 
their physiognomies. These first-class actors I designate 
" creative actors." There is another and far larger class of 
actors, who resemble each other in features very closely, or 
have essentially similar features, faculties, and signs in the 
face. These are most noticeable in the shortness of the 
upper lip, fullness and size of the eyes, size of the end of the 
nose, and thickness and redness of the centre of the upper 
lip (sign for Amativeness), and the sign for Love of Children 
and pets. This large class can only be considered as " imi- 
tative artists." They are known by the hundred, all exhibit- 
ing the same characteristics. The upper part of the nose, 
where Self-will, Veneration, and Executiveness are located, 
is deficient, more or less, in most of this class; while Lan- 
guage, Amativeness, Mirthfulness, Love of Young, Imitation, 
Approbation, Imagination, and Hope predominate. These 
signs are disclosed by a short upper lip invariably, upper 
part of the nose not prominent, sometimes depressed, very 
broad at the point; sides of the nose full at mechanical abil- 
ity (this faculty is needed to produce the mechanism of the 
characters represented), with a decided droop below the tip 
of the nose (Imitation), and a very perceptible projection 
downward of the septum at Hope and Analysis; the mouth 
at the corners turned upward (Mirthfulness); Love of Young, 
Human Nature, Secretiveness, and Amativeness well devel- 
oped, forming the " Cupid's bow" shape, which is observed 
in nearly all artistic and literary persons; Amativeness al- 
ways ivell developed — sometimes too much for either beauty 
or morality; yet this faculty is essential to the creation of 
the characters which they portray. 






FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 227 

This description applies to hundreds of male and female 
representatives of dramatic art of the imitative class — to 
those who excel in burlesque, in character songs, in negro 
minstrelsy, and in what is called variety show business, and 
in all the minor parts of the mimic art. This single descrip- 
tion will answer for all, although even in this class there are 
many grades of ability. Lydia Thompson, the Worrell sis- 
ters, Pauline Markham, and others of this type answer to 
this portraiture. 

Very long, keen, sharp-pointed noses are illustrative of 
sharp, keen, ferret-like characters, without much imagination, 
very matter-of-fact, "high-pitched," and excitable. The 
noses of these persons are gimlet-like at the point, and seem 
the right size for penetrating a key-hole. Being unimagina- 
tive, they naturally look for matters of fact which may be 
transpiring on the other side of the door. 

Persons possessed of elegant tastes, refinement, love of 
poetry, and capacity for belles-lettres, will in most cases in- 
dicate this taste by a rather prominent and straight nose; 
that is, straight in the outline from the root to the tip; the 
end may be broad, showing Ideality large, and the sign for 
Mental Imitation is often found with the straight nose. This 
nose to be effective must be of good size. The straight nose 
is seen in the portraits of Shakspeare, Byron, Moore, Milton, 
Beranger, Corneille, Swift, Addison, Buros, Lamb, Elizabeth 
Barrett Browning, Shelley, Mrs. Hemans, and many others 
who have excelled in the higher walks of elegant literature. 

The large high and straight nose is seen on the faces of 
many eminent scientists, but the descent from the forehead 
at the root of the nose, where it joins the forehead, differs 
from the above mentioned class. The brows of scientists 
are more projecting, showing Weight, Observation, and Lo- 
cality to be more defined. This is the case with Proctor, 
Tyndall, Helmholz, Huxley, Spencer, John and Joseph Le 
Conte, and Draper. Professor Edison's nose exhibits more 
of the mechanical and scientific, as well as inventive facul- 
ties. Professor Proctor has the sign for Weight very large; 



228 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

he is also a round, large, heavy man, thus showing his capac- 
ity (through similarity of structure) to comprehend the nature 
of ponderous round bodies, like the planets, while Professor 
Edison has a slight, thiu, nervous form, thus by his physique 
evidencing his ability to cope with and comprehend the prin- 
ciples underlying the finer forces of Nature. The electrical 
is more particularly the distinctive quality of the nervous 
and mental system predominant, while the muscular system 
of Proctor gives a better comprehension of motion; all of 
which accords with Dr. Simms's theories on this subject, 
which I indorse. Thus each of these men succeeds best in 
those branches of science whose principles are exemplified 
in a large degree in his own form and organism. 

I have before me a chart on which are engraved the physi- 
ognomies of twenty-two prominent Jewish Rabbis. The 
similarity of their features is most striking. The noses, 
eyes, and mouths have all something in common. The noses 
of all are high and straight, and join the forehead without 
any indentation, showing that dogmatic Self-will which char- 
acterizes the advocates of all ancient faiths. They are not 
argumentative noses. This is not their role; they are not 
here to argue, but to assert. This same peculiarity is ob- 
servable in the expounders of the Hindoo religions, as well 
as in most of the Catholic divines. The noses of all these 
Eabbis are very long, quite high, and wide at the nostrils, 
and showing by the width of the tip the signs of Sublimity 
and Ideality, and by the breadth of their nostrils the vigor 
of their visceral systems. The eyes of all are large, round, 
and prominent, denoting power of expression in language 
and emotion. The mouths of all disclose Amativeness, Love 
of Young, and oratoricel power, being straight and wide, 
thus revealing not only volume of sound, but good digestive 
capacity. Some of these traits are social; others are com- 
mon alike to all who expound ancient dogmas as a profession. 
Love of young, strong appreciation of the opposite sex, 
mirthfulness, and good digestion are race peculiarities of the 
Jews, as they are of all the ancient civilized races. These 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 229 

all tend to make the character home-loving, domestic, and 
substantial. Their noses exhibit great Veneration, and this, 
with arching eyebrows (Credenciveness), gives a highly de- 
votional cast of mind. All these Kabbis' noses are broad on 
the top their entire length. I should like to present my 
readers with charts devoted to the faces of distinct classes 
of people, but the shortness of my purse forbids. 

This class of faces is just the reverse of the scientific or 
mechanical; the former resting its ideas upon faith and belief 
does not require that power of exact observation and com- 
prehension that the latter does. The arched, rounding, or 
full shape of other features beside the nose reveals strength. 
Full cheeks show assimilative and digestive powers; flat or 
hollow cheeks the deficiency of this function, and often dys- 
peptic and consumptive tendencies. A thick full upper lip 
proves Amativeness and the power of the reproductive sys- 
tem; the flat thin white upper lip denotes a lack of both 
these important qualities. A full rolling lower lip, a sympa- 
thetic, benevolent trait; a thin flat white under lip, a miserly, 
unsympathetic person. High cheek-bones indicate seli-pro- 
tective capacity; flat cheek-bones or those not so prominent, 
less of this power. The rounding form of the arms, legs, 
and hips, as well as jaws, cheeks, and lips, indicate more 
strength than those which are opposite in form. 

EYES. 

The convex or rounded eye evinces strength. The eye of 
'magnitude is capable of receiving more powerful impressions 
than the small eye; hence it is that the eyes of painters are 
large and wide, capable of taking in at a glance immense 
scenes of Nature. The eyes of all the great artists of the 
world are the proofs of these statements. Small eyes, on 
the contrary, belong to the mechanical, scientific, and exact 
people. The mechanic and scientist have need of the great- 
est accuracy in detail; their knowledge sometimes depends 
upon the hundredth part of an inch, and the scientist deals 



230 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in atomic proportions. The eye which can be most readily 
brought down to a focus serves this class of minds the best. 
The eyebrows of mechanics and all keen observers are drawn 
forward and downward, to assist the eye in its scrutiny of 
minute objects, as well as to shade it. The form of the 
Bony structure assists this intention, for in natural mechan- 
ics and scientists the lower part of the forehead projects, 
thus affording a natural screen to the eyes, obviating the use 
of the glass which one sees the watchmaker and naturalist 
sometimes employ to focus their vision, and scan infinitesi- 
mal objects. 

One proof of the eye being the exponent of the Muscular 
system, as laid down in the chapter on "The Rationale of the 
Physical Functions and their Signs in the Face," is found by 
observing all those animals which depend mainly upon their 
muscles for their activity. The eyes of the various kinds of 
deer, the springbok, gazelle, goat, ibex, elk, chamois, hare, 
and rabbit, all indicate by their size and conformation that 
the Muscular is their predominating system. It also exhibits 
their capacity for continuous and rapid motion. The size of 
the eyes, as well as the habits and habitats of these animals, 
prove that they are intended to scan distances and wide ex- 
panses, and that they are not suited to the perception of the 
minute in Nature. Small-eyed animals exhibit faculties just 
the reverse of large-eyed ones, and depend more upon the 
knowledge of things near them and those that require more 
exact vision. These animals are slower in their motions, 
possessing more bone and adipose tissue than muscle accord- 
ing to their size. The elephant, tapir, rhinoceros, grizzly 
bear, walrus, and elephant-seal are examples of this combi- 
nation. The small eye of the elephant is so easily brought 
to a focus that he can pick up a needle with his proboscis. 
The nature and habits of all these creatures demand that 
they shall take cognizance of small objects, as well for the 
purpose of gaining a supply of food as for protection, their 
motions being so slow that accurate and instant vision is es- 
sential to their safety. 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 231 

The mental characteristics of animals possessing large, full 
<eyes bear a strong resemblance to human beings who have 
similar features. They are more emotional than the small- 
eyed creatures, more affectionate, and more active; they re- 
ceive sensations more vividly, and lose them almost as read- 
ily as they receive them. One class of animals in which the 
Muscular system predominates exhibits considerable me- 
chanical, and even artistic skill. The mole's burrow and the 
beaver's dam are manifestations of one form of muscular 
ability. In man, all the varied architectural and building- 
powers depend mainly upon the Muscular and Osseous sys- 
tems combined. 

In undertaking to discover the meaning of an eye, there 
are seven things, at least, to be observed: First, the form; 
second, the size; third, the color; fourth, the degree of 
brightness; fifth, the shape of the commissure, or fleshy 
opening, caused by the parting of the upper and under lids; 
sixth, the angle of inclination, or the manner in which the 
eye rests in its socket — its inclination forward from the lower 
part, and its position in regard to the surrounding parts; 
seventh, its general expression. These are some of the ex- 
pressions which the physiognomist must observe if he reads 
the eye conscientiously. There are many expressions of the 
eye which cannot be described in any way apart from the 
living subject, just as there are many other indescribable 
traits in persons that cannot be illustrated by brush or pen. 
The personal atmosphere, or magnetism, is one of the things 
which cannot be transmitted to posterity by words or pict- 
ured representations. 

The enthusiasm and inspiration of the ancient orators — 
Cicero and Demosthenes, for example — must have produced 
the most exalting and sublime effect upon their hearers; yet, 
in reading their noble and lofty sentiments, this is all lost. 
Just so with the human eye. Many of its expressions cannot 
be reproduced. The various colors of .the eye are often 
difficult to delineate on canvas. The best study of the eye 
must be made in the living subject. Still, there are many 



232 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

expressions observed that can be described, and their char- 
acters indicated by their color. 

As a general rule, dark or black eyes express capacity for 
the passions — Love, Jealousy, Kevenge, and Hatred. Black- 
eyed people are good lovers and good haters. A great deal 
of pure passion is mingled with their love — and strong will, 
too. Yet, where such are harmoniously mated, they will be 
faithful and devoted, and defend the interests and honor of 
the beloved one with much ardor and zeal. 

The true blue eye exhibits amiability, calmness, and 
steadfastness of purpose, sentiment, affection, and capacity 
for improvement; seldom very jealous, and not revengeful; 
it also shows a truthful, confiding nature. Hazel eyes be- 
token vivacity, sprightliness, ability for plotting, planning, 
and scheming; often insincere, although having an innocent, 
infantile expression of the eye. Yellow eyes evince cruelty, 
insincerity, and great power for deception. This color is 
seen in the eyes of tigers, panthers, and cats. Other traits 
must be looked to for other characteristics. Many persons 
with this color of eyes are often very entertaining, with a 
soft, pleasing voice, and attract many. Green eyes, or green 
spotted with yellow, are evidential of excessive jealousy and 
suspicion. Mixed, mottled, or spotted eyes show a mixture 
of races — a crossing of two or more races within two or three 
generations. This crossing often produces talent, but at the 
same time induces jealousy and suspicion. It seems as if 
the opposing elements of the mixture of the blood and tissue 
had not fused or harmonized. After two or three genera- 
tions, the eyes become uniform in color, and the character 
better balanced. 

Eyes which are placed near together are deficient in the 
comprehension of form and size. I have known persons of 
superior education with this peculiarity, who, by reason of 
this defect, were unable to remember the forms of words, 
and were consequently poor spellers. I cannot think any 
person entirely frank and thoroughly well principled, who is 
narrow between the eyes. Such will always be po 1 " *c and 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 233 

secretive, and secretiveness is for the purpose of hiding 
something. Let the observer find out what is hidden. Nar- 
rowness between the eyes is evidential of a narrow mind; no 
matter how brilliant the person may appear who exhibits this 
conformation in his physiognomy, he will, not be able to 
take as broad and comprehensive a view as one very wide 
between the eyes. History shows no man of eminence with 
such peculiarity. In selecting a horse, the intelligent dealer 
always chooses one who is characterized by width between 
the eyes. The same rule is observed in choosing dogs for 
their intelligence; a dog wide between the eyes is very easily 
taught tricks; he remembers form and size well. Then, too, 
where the space between the eyes is great, the median part 
of the brain is wider than where the faculty of form is 
deficient. 

Yery light eyes denote weakness, generally of a scrofulous 
or consumptive tendency. This color is sometimes accom- 
panied by weakness of vision and deafness, eruptions on the 
skin, and scrofulous swellings, as is often observed in albi- 
noes. Persons with these indications should never inter- 
marry, as the result to offspring would be highly disastrous. 
The mentality of light-eyed persons is never of a very gifted 
character; they are from the very conformation and quality 
of their organism weakly; their minds partake of this en- 
feebled condition; they are generally surface people, fond of 
dress and show, with little sympathy for others, and much 
absorbed in the adornment of self; can never become good 
colorists in the arts and industries. This type of people 
would soon die out, if intending parents would abide by 
physiognomical law and cease to perpetuate this almost help- 
less and useless species. 

Gray eyes are often the accompaniment of talent of a cal- 
culative, mathematical, and philosophical order. I speak 
now of eyes of the color of milk and water mixed, with a 
decided bluish cast. Many persons denominate brown and 
hazel e~es gray; indeed, many have a confused idea as to 
what constitutes a gray eye. This bluish-white eye is cool 
16 



234 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

rather than ardent in love, shows good worldly planning 
ability, and is inclined to be suspicions. The absence of 
color in the organism is a proof of a great defect in some 
part other than the skin. This defect is not only physiolog- 
ical, but it naturally illustrates mental deficiency. The color 
sense is not usually strong in this type, yet with cultivation 
can do very well with colors. Persons with gray eyes, where 
the white preponderates over the blue, are often subject to 
diseases of the kidney system and pain in the small of the 
back. In females, the reproductive system as well is affected, 
and indicates mechanical obstruction in its functions. We 
cannot ignore the fact that a defect in the chemical combina- 
tion of the materials composing the human organism induces 
diseased conditions of the several systems and functions, and 
as a consequence diminished mental activities and moral pro- 
clivity and power. Color is a chemical effect produced by a 
variety of causes. It emanates from the sun's rays, from the 
atmosphere, and is extracted from the food we eat. It is es- 
sential to our mental and moral welfare that the right pro- 
portions of color should be mingled in our food in the natural 
way, and that we should obtain from the sunlight sufficient 
of its color, chemically combined in our organisms, to pro- 
duce moral, mental, and physical harmony, without which 
man's organism cannot be moral, healthy, or perfectly bal- 
anced. 

The sign for voracious appetite, or gluttony, is found in 
the face of the person whose eye projects outward and for- 
ward at the lower part, disclosing a good deal of the white 
of the eye below the pupil while the eye is in its natural 
position. With this formation we may safely infer that the 
individual is given to excess in eating, and such are affected 
with headaches of long duration, the result of gorging them- 
selves. The instant I perceive this eye I know that the 
individual is a victim to severe headaches. It requires no 
magic to diagnose this symptom. We all love to follow our 
proclivities, especially where they are very pronounced. 
This sign for appetite lies adjoining one sign of the intestinal 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 235 

system, and is an indication of an excess of its activity, or, 
in other words, of its abuse. 

THE MOUTH. 

In looking for signs of character in the face, one should 
pay close attention to the expression of the mouth, and ob- 
serve what it discloses. The wide straight mouth, with lips 
that are evenly developed and full, or moderately so, is never 
found except in the visage of an eloquent person. Demos- 
thenes, Cicero, Mirabeau, Clay, Webster, "William Pitt, and 
all great actors and actresses possess these characteristics. 
A mouth, the lips of which are unequal, where one is much 
larger than the other, or where the under projects far beyond 
the upper, is indicative of an unbalanced mind and temper. 
Lavater tells us that "all disproportion between the upper 
and under lip is a sign of folly or wickedness." 

The mouth which turns down at the corners is found with 
a sad, joyless, melancholy nature. This is true also of all 
features and lines which tend downward. If the nose turns 
toward the earth, there is more indication of melancholy than 
in the nose which points heavenward. Such noses always 
evince sanguine and hopeful dispositions. 

Small mouths do not as a rule exhibit great talking pro- 
pensities, but show refinement in the use of language, yet 
never eloquence. A small mouth, with large eyes, denotes a 
great talker, not necessarily a good talker. There are many 
grades in vocal expression, ranging from "gab" to conver- 
sation, and from conversation to eloquence. The mouth, 
ear, and eye will give the clue to these grades. A large 
mouth and fall lips are commonly thought to indicate a gross, 
sensual person. It depends entirely upon the quality of the 
individual with these features whether he be such. A negro 
with these features very pronounced would undoubtedly be 
a coarse, sensual character, because his tone or quality is 
coarse; but no man of a fine social, benevolent, or domestic 
nature is found with very thin lips. An orator or a linguist 



236 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

could not be celebrated were he lacking in this particular. 
Full lips denote linguistic and social abilities, as well as do- 
mestic and sympathetic qualities. 

The gums of the teeth, are indices of character. Persons 
whose gums show greatly in talking or laughing are as a rule 
very commonplace people, and incline to some form of scrof- 
ula. I have never known a truly great or talented person 
who exhibited this peculiarity. Gums that are pale and 
bloodless denote an senemic state of the body; they show an 
impoverished condition of the blood and weakness of the 
entire system. Where the gums are of a deep dark red color 
there is a diseased condition which should have hygienic 
treatment. Gums covered with tartar or a thick yellow ac- 
cumulation are most revolting, and certainly contain the 
germs of serious disorders if allowed to remain long without 
treatment. The gums should present a healthy pink color, 
and be kept clean and of a normal degree of hardness. 

HAIE. 

In reading character, one must not pass by the meanings 
which the hair discloses. The colors of the hair illustrate 
essentially the same principles, mentally and physically, 
which the colors of the eyes reveal. Black hair is significant 
of passion, strength, warmth of feelings, and intense emo- 
tions, as compared with lighter hair. Very light or almost 
white hair is often indicative of a feeble constitution and a 
scrofulous diathesis, and is never accompanied by deep feel- 
ing. The reason for this is physiological; the entire organ- 
ism lacks strength, both of transmitted quality and acquired 
vitality. Light-haired people are often, showy, sprightly, 
and amusing, but I have never seen a profound thinker in 
this class. 

Of the various shades of yellow hair, ranging from mo- 
lasses-candy color to flaxen, I can only say that they are ,not 
Tinlike the very light shades in their significations. These 
hues are generally found on the heads of persons more en- 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 237 

tertaining than philosophic, whose emotions are transitory 
and manners gay and lively; fond of dress and amusement, 
and exhibit a great fondness for spectacular plays and bur- 
lesques, and the sensational in literature; with the color 
sense cultivated are very ingenious in many kinds of orna- 
mental work. Such persons attract by their vivacity; their 
affections are not deep, strong, or lasting, but fickle and ca- 
pricious. That these shades of hair are not indicative of the 
most developed characters we have only to refer to infants 
and children of the Caucasian type; the hair of these chil- 
dren in most cases deepens in color as the body and mind 
strengthens and develops. We must therefore conclude that 
very light-haired persons are more infantile in their natures 
— that is, not so matured as those who have deeper hues 
jn the hair. Yet black-haired persons are not so progressive 
as brown-haired people. Dark brown hair, if not too fine, 
evinces strong bodily and mental powers; if very fine, then 
the mental predominates over the physical. All of the dark 
brown shades of hair denote a good degree of intelligence, 
with amiability, good sense, and deep feelings without bit- 
terness. 

Curly hair shows a changeable character, often brilliant, 
vivacious, quick-tempered; sometimes possessed of imitative 
talent, with a good deal of "snap" and "dash;" not very 
steadfast, but desiring to change back and forth; sometimes 
sunny and sometimes cloudy, like April weather, and with a 
good deal of constitutional vigor, the circular form here, as 
elsewhere in Nature, denoting superior strength. 

Hair that lies in waves and rings is often seen on the heads 
of gentle, amiable persons. Many talented people have this 
peculiarity. Stiff and straight hair reveals a character very 
firm and decided and inclined to honesty. Curly hair does 
not show the same degree of integrity that stiff straight hair 
does; yet many curly -haired persons act honestly. Consci- 
entious action is induced by different motives; sometimes 
from clear, natural, strong conscientiousness in the build or 
make-up of the individual, sometimes from policy in busi- 



238 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ness and society, sometimes by the power of the affections, 
and at other times by necessity or compulsion. The affec- 
tions influence many to pursue a straightforward course, in 
order to make provision for beloved objects; yet no form of 
conscientious conduct is as strong, genuine, and heroic as 
where it is the dominating element in the physique of the in- 
dividual. For such it is easier to be honest and honorable 
than to be otherwise. 

The light shades of brown hair which sometimes are found 
in combination with blue or gray eyes are generally indica- 
tive of good intellect, and evince physical and mental powers 
neither very weak nor remarkably strong. If the hair be fine 
it denotes delicacy of thought and feeling. Many persons of 
poetic ability have possessed light brown hair with a golden 
tinge. This combination betokens excitability and an exalted 
condition of mind, which often eventuates in expression by 
pen or voice. 

Yery coarse hair belongs to coarse, strong individuals, of 
a low grade of mental power, often rude, boisterous, and 
unsympathetic. The contrast between the coarse, strong, 
straight, stiff hair of the North American Indian, and the 
African's curly, woolly head, is as striking as are the differ- 
ences in the characteristics of these two races. The best 
specimens of Indians, especially the northern and eastern 
tribes, show as much Conscientiousness in their faces and 
physiques as can be found in the most cultivated races. This 
trait the Indians always exhibited in their lives, until de- 
moralized by men professing Christianity. They are not, 
however, very marked for kindness or sympathy. The negro, 
on the contrary, is a " curly character," with very little hon- 
esty in his composition, with little firmness or heroism; un- 
reliable, yet sympathetic, generous, and sociable; with strong 
natural affection for offspring, with great Amativeness, yet 
not stable in his attachments, being a natural polygamist, as 
evidenced by the shape of the commissure of the eyes, which 
are almond-shaped; that is, longer from side to side than 
from top to bottom. 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 239 

Red hair is evidential of ambition, ardor, and natural deli- 
cacy (where it is fine). The skin of red-haired people is 
generally very fine and clear. I infer that there must be 
more sulphur in their composition than in others. Now, 
whenever I observe a clear skin, I naturally look for clear- 
ness of intellect and moral inclinations. Red hair shows 
quick temper, lively and intense emotions, great agreeability, 
amativeness, and a love of out-door life and active pursuits. 
As the texture of the hair and skin discloses the quality of 
the Nervous system — therefore, of the mental power — we 
must infer a strong relationship or connection between them. 
The evolution of man proves that the outer skin-covering, or 
exoderm, in the primitive organisms assisted in forming the 
Nervous system. This discovery in the history of the lower 
organisms teaches us how this relationship came about, and 
proves that the skin and hair, eyelashes, and finger and toe 
nails were all evolved from the outer skin-covering. This 
knowledge gives the only solution as to the cause of gray 
hair. The hair of persons who have received great and sud- 
den nervous shocks has turned gray or white in a short time, 
and sometimes in a single night. This is said to have been 
the case with Marie Antoinette when she was imprisoned. 
The hair does not generally commence to turn gray until the 
nervous power has begun (in common with other physical 
powers) to decline. Sometimes the hair turns gray prema- 
turely in youth. This is often an inherited peculiarity. For 
this, as well as for gray hair produced by age, I know of but 
one safe application: A dozen or more of nails steeped in 
black tea, and the decoction used on the hair daily, will keep 
and restore the hair to its natural color. In most cases, it 
will prove a perfect remedy. 

Yery long, strong, and luxuriant growths of hair and beard 
betoken strength, longevity, great reproductive powers, and 
descent from a long-lived ancestry. Thin, scattered, fine 
hair denotes delicacy of constitution, fine and keen percep- 
tion, sensitive and often shy natures, with nervous irritabil- 
ty, and sometimes brilliant mental powers; although other 



240 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

signs must discover the latter — no single sign will give the 
entire character of any one. 

All these signs of character shown by the hair are to be 
considered with discretion and judgment. "Without discrim- 
ination, all signs fail. The mole, hare, and rabbit have fine, 
thin, short coats of hair, and are sensitive, shy, and short- 
lived. Soft, pliable hair is evidential of tractable, amiable 
dispositions, not as rigid and "set" in principle, but more 
easily swayed by emotion and affection, than stiff, straight- 
haired people. 

THE EYEBBOWS. 

The eyebrows and eyelashes are judged by the same rules 
that govern the hair, both as regards their color and texture. 
Thin and fine eyelashes and eyebrows denote sensitiveness 
and delicacy of the Nervous system and constitution gener- 
ally; also, mental ability; that is to say, the mind will be 
either keen and sensitive, or profound and philosophic, with 
this appearance. Thick lashes and bushy eyebrows show 
strength and vigor of constitution; and, if dark or black, 
strong passions as well. 

Among the people of all the civilized races, one meets 
with singular combinations in the colors of the hair and eyes. 
These combinations, being opposite in color, would seem to 
indicate traits not in harmony, but an analysis of those who 
possess them will show that in this, as in all her works, 
Nature is harmonious. The combination of blue eyes and 
black hair forms a very beautiful contrast, and one might 
infer that this indicates violent contrasts in the character, 
but it is not so. There seems, in this case, to be a fusion 
or blending of faculties peculiar to these two opposite char- 
acteristics. Persons of this type have great control of their 
feelings, with ability for planning, plotting, and conspiracy, 
and can carry out their plans in a very secret manner, while 
at the same time affecting an air of frankness. The combi- 
nation of brown or black eyes with fair hair is not as common 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 241 

as the former. Its meaning is strength and fineness; some 
of the faculties will be very decided, while others will be 
weak. This is a combination well worthy of study; its con- 
trasts are more striking than those of the former. 

DIMPLES. 

How are dimples caused, and what do they mean? Dim- 
ples are caused by, first, a collection of adipose tissue; and, 
second, by a peculiar formation of certain muscles. Dimples 
generally form around joints, as well as on parts where the 
soft, fatty tissue has accumulated. This latter class of dim- 
ples is found only on fat or plump persons. They indicate 
ease-loving, mirthful, and affectionate natures. Dimpled 
babes are always happy; having a great store of vital mater- 
ial, as shown by its producing dimples, gives ease and en- 
joyment to their existence. There are two sorts of dimples 
which are produced by the peculiar formation of certain 
muscles : The round dimple in the chin is a permanent feat- 
ure, and does not depend upon the amount of adipose tissue 
in the individual. It is caused by a peculiar formation of 
the Levator Menti muscle. This muscle is located directly 
on the front of the chin. This dimple is never seen where 
the Bony system predominates, but always with the Muscular 
system predominating over the Bony. This would bring it 
into the formation in which artistic and literary talent is most 
found. The meaning of this dimple is " love of the beautiful 
of the opposite sex." It is frequently found in the chins of 
talented persons in art and literature. Lord Byron, Dean 
Swift, .Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Mozart, Goethe, Jenny 
Lind, Humboldt, Moliere, Horace Yernet, and a host of 
other celebrities exhibit this peculiarity. The love of the 
beautiful of the opposite sex is a part of creative talent; it 
assists the sculptor and artist in forming their ideals, and if 
this faculty did not reside in their own organisms on a large 
scale, they could not reproduce in their creations the like 
principle. Like not only begets like in offspring, but is able 



242 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to create similar effects in works of art. This dimple is often 
the sign of a voluptuous and pleasure-loving person, gener- 
erally good-natured and inclined to be generous. I name 
this the Louis XY. chin. That monarch was celebrated for 
his fondness for beautiful women; his chin shows this sign. 

Dimples in the cheek are caused by a peculiar muscular 
formation, and the more they are called into action, of course, 
the more defined and permanent they become. Dimpled 
cheeks are often found where the Muscular system prepon- 
derates, and are always seen with large, full eyes in combi- 
nation. This dimple is one sign for Approbativeness, and is 
deepened by much smiling. It is situated about one inch 
outward from the corners of the mouth. Several muscles 
come in close contact at this point, and this appearance is 
due to that circumstance and to the full development of all 
of them at this junction. This sign of Approbativeness is 
located next to Mirthfulness, and is its natural companion. 

The dimples on the hands and about the mouth, shoulders, 
and other parts of the body, are caused by fatty tissue, and 
denote health, good nature, and, in fair-haired persons, 
amative disposition. 

THE VOICE. 

I think we may safely set it down as a fixed law of physi- 
ognomy that all those parts of the organism which depend 
upon the same organ-systems for their power exhibit unity of 
action and similar results in whatever part of the body their 
signs may be observed. Now, straight looks means straight- 
ness of action, whether this peculiarity is in the bones or in 
those organs which depend upon the interaction of the mus- 
cles to produce a straight, upright, and balanced condition. 
Eyes set straight in the head are more indicative of truth 
than eyes which are crooked; a straight mouth is more evi- 
dential of straightforwardness of speech than a one-sided one. 
The voice is produced mainly by action of the Muscular sys- 
tem; hence, every sign having relation to vocal expression is 
chiefly in that system. The eye, ear, larynx, mouth, tongue, 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 243 

nose, and lips are all involved in the use of the voice. The eye 
shows by its size the power for emotion, and therefore of the 
degree of expression which the individual possesses; the ear 
is a muscular organ; the vocal powers which reside in the 
throat are moved by muscular or cartilaginous fibres; the 
mouth also is surrounded by muscles, and is enabled to pro- 
duced the varied expressions observed in talking, singing, 
shouting, and crying. From this unity of action we must 
infer a connection of purpose and method between these sev- 
eral organs and parts. Upon investigation this will be found 
to be the case. I have shown elsewhere that vocal expres- 
sion is found best developed in those in whom the Muscular 
system predominates. In singing the individual must have 
a sufficient development of muscular power to produce all 
the wonderful vocal effects which we hear in such singers as 
Grisi, Malibran, Patti, Brignoli, and Tamberlik. In all the 
singers that have excelled this system will be found para- 
mount. In those musicians who have taken rank as instru- 
mentalists the same system is called into action; the muscles 
must be strong enough to take command, and be able to act 
independently of each other. 

Many of our most magnetic orators possess this system 
greatly in the ascendancy. Beecher, Gough, and Ingersoll 
are types of this formation. I could swell the list, but these 
few examples suffice to call attention to this natural law of 
unity of action. 

The voice is a great indicator of character and mental and 
physical power. The clearer the voice the clearer the mind; 
the sweeter the voice the more affectionate the possessor. 
Sensitiveness and sensibility are indicated by the voice. 
Some voices are "too sweet to be wholesome;" such are 
proofs of insincerity and deceit, or of secretiveness. Rough 
harsh voices denote strong harsh minds. Affected speech 
betrays the shallow or conceited individual; indeed, all af- 
fectations are assumed to cover deficiencies. One of the 
most belligerent women I have ever known had assumed a 
tone which was ludicrous in its softened affectation; the most 



244 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

casual observer would have known that the voice and face 
did not agree. 

Rich, full, and rounded voices tell us that the muscular 
and adipose systems are well represented. Thin, nasal 
voices, with a sharp, disagreeable "twang," announce a lack 
of amiability and an impoverished condition generally, or 
else a deficiency in the Muscular and Vegetative systems. 
These give roundness and richness to the voice where they 
are rightly proportioned. With the Bony and Brain systems 
predominant the voice will be clear, strong, most decided, 
and energetic. Where the Vegetative system predominates 
there will be an undecided ipne, with a good deal of "gab" 
and "chatter," with little sense, and no power except when 
in a passion, and then the voice becomes choked and shrill. 
Thus every form, of the body is indicated by the voice. Sound 
is based on physiology and anatomy just as mind is, and can 
not be demonstrated without it. Study the voice by all 
means, and compare the individual with the voice. Very 
much of the character can be delineated by the voice, even 
by hearing it in the dark; that is to say, if the tones are nat- 
ural, and have not been altered by disease of any kind. 

Lisping voices betray a want of good balanced judgment; 
such tones are infantile in their nature, and, if found beyond 
the age of childhood, are to be classed in the category of en- 
feebled mentality in some direction. My experience of im- 
perfections of the organs of speech (where they have origi- 
nated by inheritance, and not by accident or disease) leads 
me to the conclusion that such defects disclose deficiency in 
truth-telling capacity or intellectual apprehension. Tongue- 
tied, lisping, stammering, or hesitating speakers certainly 
indicate enfeebled intellects or lack of moral powers. I 
speak now only of those who are by nature thus afflicted. As 
I have previously shown that any eye off the straight line 
evinces a crooked propensity, an untruthful, deceptive pro- 
clivity, so any naturally defective peculiarity of the mouth, 
tongue, or organs of speech discloses a similar condition of 
the moral or mental nature. The eye as well as the voice is 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 245 

controlled by the Muscular system mainly, and the same law 
governs every part of the same system. We cannot escape 
its deductions. 

FINGEK NAILS. 

The finger and toe nails originated from the outer skin- 
covering, as the evolution of the organs of man teaches, and 
from this outer skin-covering were evolved the nerve and 
"brain systems. The nails, like the skin and hair, must hence 
be indicative of the quality of the nervous system and mental 
activity. Upon investigation this will be found correct. 
The nails of those in whom the Brain system predominates 
will be smoother, finer, and thinner than those in whom other 
systems are more developed. This same principle holds 
good through the entire body. A thin skull indicates finer 
quality of mind than a thick one, and the term "numbskull" 
is quite apt when applied to dull persons. A rosy color of 
the nails implies a healthful condition, while pale or blue 
tints evince a weak constitution, an unbalanced circulation, 
or a functional disturbance. Nails which incline to bend 
over the tops of the fingers lead us to infer scrofulous and 
consumptive tendencies. Stiff and straight nails are found 
on firm, decided people. Soft, pliable nails belong to easy- 
going, yielding persons. Broad, square-cut nails are seen 
on the fingers of those who are more useful than ornamental; 
they denote more of the practical and mechanical than the 
artistic; hence, we must infer that they are to be found where 
the Bony system prevails; the possessors of such, being in 
the practical system, will be fond of the study of the truths 
of life, of science, of history and natural laws, and will be 
found inclined to reason and argument; will be clear-headed, 
and love debate and reform subjects generally. 

The beautiful oval or almond-shaped nails are found on 
the hands of emotional people; those who love romance and 
ornamentation of all kinds; who have ardent feelings, refined 
tastes, rather inclined to be aristocratic in feeling, and, with 
large Oredenciveness, are believers rather than investigators; 



246 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

will enjoy ceremonial forms of religion, and be more inclined 
to speculative beliefs than those based on evidence and rea- 
son; will be of a naturally speculative mind if engaged in 
business. Many stock-dealers have this formation of the 
finger nails. 

Bounding, small nails, rather thick and strong, always ac- 
company round, thick, and strong bodies, full of vitality, 
with strong passions and emotions. 

The law of harmony is illustrated in the nails as well as in 
all the other parts of the body. Nature never makes the 
mistake of putting artistic nails on a natural mechanic's 
hand, nor the nails of the Bony system on a round, plump, 
fat body. Nature is as harmonious here as in every depart- 
ment of man's complex organism. Her power is manifested 
as wonderfully in the adaptation of the nail to the finger as 
in the adaptation of the body to the brain. Indeed, I think 
the Creative Mind is more wonderfully illustrated in the 
world of the infinitely small than in the world of the infi- 
nitely great. 

THE HANDS AND FEET. 

The hands and feet must, according to the law of harmony, 
coincide with the shape of the body and brain; therefore, 
they are the exponents of mental, moral, and physical pow- 
ers. The long bony hand, well supplied with muscles, gives 
us the clue to a mechanical and inventive mind. The hands 
and feet (where the muscles are predominant and supplied 
with some adipose tissue) that are short comparatively will 
reveal artistic and often literary abilities, with love of ease, 
pleasure, and social proclivities. 

Yery thin, colorless hands, almost transparent, denote a 
fragile, sensitive mind and body not long for this world, be- 
cause the stock of inherited vitality is not sufficient to con- 
tinue life to an extended period. When we see large hands 
that are so by nature, we infer the possessor to be powerful, 
especially if he has long arms and legs, with a broad mind, 
and free and generous with his resources, whether they be 
mental or material. 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 247 

The short, thick, soft, fat hand belongs to the Vegetative 
system, and, of course, denotes the faculties which are found 
in that system. These are the domestic or social, with little 
firmness or reason, easy-going, inclined to stupidity and in- 
ertia, incapable of much mental effort, with no noble or lofty 
traits and aspirations, and much given to selfish enjoyment. 
A good observer can read character by the hand as well as by 
the face — not to such an extent, it is true, but enough to get 
the key to the entire organism. It is simply Comparative 
Anatomy put in practice. 

The feet which correspond to certain shaped hands indicate 
similar traits, but the feet are so deformed by fashion that 
they are rarely seen in their natural conformation; and as 
the civilized races have the custom of covering the feet we 
cannot see them sufficiently to make much of a study of their 
peculiarities. Still, we know that they harmonize with the 
hands, body, and brain. A mechanical hand will have feet 
to match; that is to say, they will abound in bone and muscle. 
The artistic hand will accompany a muscular foot. The soft, 
thick, almost boneless, fat foot will tell us of an individual 
who loves ease, eating, drinking, and not very deep thinking; 
in short, a shining light in the "Fat Men's Club." Let 
every one of my readers make observations and comparisons 
for himself, and he will find the law of harmony in this di- 
rection exemplified in an astonishing manner. 

WKINKLES. 

Every appearance in the human face has a meaning and 
signifies something — stands for a sign. Now, wrinkles are 
in the highest degree evidences of character. Some of them 
express great beauty of character, others announce great and 
powerful intellect, while others still disclose character the 
most repulsive and wretched. As a general rule, deep wrin- 
kles indicate a mind that has been immersed in profound 
thought and study. Surface people, those who "live on the 
outside of themselves," have very few wrinkles. Where I 



248 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

find a person past thirty years of age who has not formed 
some creditable wrinkles, I infer either a very shallow, selfish, 
unreasoning person, or a very deceptive, hypocritical one. 
There is an old saying that " gray hairs are honorable." We 
might say with more accuracy that wrinkles are honorable, 
provided they are in the right places and are the shape which 
denotes goodness or talent. 

A smooth, shining, round face, without any wrinkles, be- 
longs in an adult to a character suave, plausible, flattering, 
dishonest, and unprincipled, one who is "all things to all 
men." Such make good stock speculators and politicians, 
and are well calculated to get a living without working for it. 
Three or four deep wrinkles on the forehead which dip down 
in the centre are seen only on the foreheads of persons of 
good intellect. The face of Aristotle is a good example; his 
forehead as well as face shows very deep lines and wrinkles. 

A number of confused or broken wrinkles on the fore- 
head are signs of a confused understanding, a weak mind, 
and often of a weak body. Wrinkles which run obliquely 
outward from the corner of the eye are found on mirthful 
fun-loving people. Deep wrinkles under the chin and around 
the neck and wrists are evidences of too much fatty tissue, 
with the Brain system small. Such wrinkles belong to slow, 
easy-going persons, fond of the pleasures of the table, not 
inclined to intellectual labor, or any labor in fact. These 
wrinkles, when found on persons who have a large develop- 
ment of brain, give us characters of great mental vigor, and 
capable of hard and protracted mental labor. This would 
indicate the combination of the Mental and Vegetative sys- 
tems. Dumas, the novelist, Hume and Gibbon, historians, 
Johnson, the philologist, Arkwright, the inventor, and other 
industrious brain workers, possessed this combination. 

Numerous and very fine wrinkles all over the face, lying 
in every direction, show that the individual has passed a life 
of petty cares, of small savings, and has a fretful disposi- 
tion. The same kind of wrinkles, where they are deep, re- 
veal the miserly habits of a lifetime. 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. • 249 

There are lines on the face which can scarcely be denom- 
inated wrinkles, but which are as indicative of character. A 
number of lines running down on the sides of the nose, which 
show very perceptibly while talking, are evidences of a petty, 
malicious, and dishonest character. Two or three wrinkles 
across the top of the nose (where the sign for Self-will is 
located) are indications that the individual has been used to 
the power of command habitually. Garibaldi's face exhibits 
this peculiarity. This sign is often seen on the noses of 
those who have superintended laborers and governed troops 
and sailors; sometimes on the noses of school teachers; also, 
parents who have good executive ability and will power. 
These wrinkles are caused by the exercise of these two 
faculties; hence, their location is where these two signs meet. 

Nearly vertical wrinkles on the upper lip, running down- 
ward toward the mouth, exhibit patience, perseverance, and 
a spirit that has been obliged to submit without protest; 
also, ability to keep a "close mouth." The latter is a most 
useful quality to possess. 

SMILES AND LAUGHTEE. 

An individual who is observed to have always a smile, 
simper, or smirk on his face, evidences an overweening de- 
gree of Approbativeness and desire to be approved of others, 
and this argues a want of independence of character — one 
who relies more on the opinion of the world than on his own 
conduct for satisfaction. Such characters are never great 
and broad, but show small capacity, and, by endeavoring to 
please every one, divert attention from their real character — 
or, rather, want of character — and so get judgment in their 
favor. So superficial is the estimate of the world, that foam, 
froth, and nonentity often excite more commendation than 
the most substantial qualities of character which do not 
present quite so attractive an exterior. 

A loud, boisterous laugh belongs to a rude, unrefined per- 
son. A clear, mellow, ringing laugh, not too loud, announces 
17 



250 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

a clear-minded, harmonious character. The chuckling or 
suppressed laugh tells us that we have a secretive nature to 
deal with. Laughter which is spontaneous and full of merry 
tones, "like the jingling of sweet bells," discloses a frank, 
merry person, not yet spoiled by the world and the greed of 
mammon. A rude, short, loud "horse laugh" tells us of a 
most disgusting, rude, unfeeling brute. The hollow, affected 
laugh discloses an empty skull and a hollow heart. Such 
will do neither good nor harm to any one. A sharp, shrill 
laugh is evidential of a thin physique and an excitable tem- 
per, with an unbalanced and commonplace mind. 

The laugh, like the tones of the voice used in speaking, is 
an unmistakable signification of sexual conditions and pow- 
ers, as well as the exponent of other functional states. This 
fact assists still further in the proof before stated in this 
chapter; viz., that "all those parts of the organism which 
depend upon the same organ-system for their power exhibit 
unity of action and similar results." The proofs of the 
above-stated principle are, perhaps, better understood by 
the majority of people than many other physiological laws, 
because all persons have observed what is called the "change 
of voice," which is very marked in boys approaching the age 
of puberty. A change also takes place at this time in the 
voice of females, but is not so perceptible. This change of 
voice is correlated with a marked change and development in 
the reproductive system. Now, all the organs involved in 
reproduction are mainly muscular and fibroid, as are also 
the organs involved in the use of the voice. 

Those persons who have been the most gifted in vocal 
expression, in song and oratory — such as our first-class opera 
singers, prima donnas, tenors, and bassos, and the great 
orators and elocutionists of the world — must have possessed 
sound and powerful reproductive systems. I believe that the 
record of their lives will bear me out in this statement, as 
well as the principle that creative art derives assistance from 
the procreative function. It is shown, in the "Evolution of 
Man," by Haeckel and others, that intelligence in the animal 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 251 

species did not progress greatly until a marked development 
of the reproductive system took place; and that, from that 
time on until man was evolved, the intelligence of the animal 
kingdom progressed accordingly as the reproductive system 
became gradually perfected. We cannot separate the mind 
from the body, nor mental faculties from physical functions; 
they are bound together by the God of Nature, and "what 
God has joined let no man put asunder." 

There is another physiological fact known to the people 
generally, and that is, that as the sexual powers decline, the 
voice also loses its vigor and richness. From these observa- 
tions, I think we are justified in considering the voice one 
indication of sexual conditions and powers, and the laugh, 
by its tones, enlightens us on this point, just as well as does 
the voice in speaking or singing. Still another proof of the 
connection between the remote parts of the muscular and 
fibroid system is had in the voices of eunuchs and in the 
soprano voices of the male singers in the Pope's choir. 
Emasculation in both cases has produced great and radical 
changes in the voices of these two classes of males. Any 
unprejudiced person can trace out these connections and 
correlations in the human organism — these which are so 
apparent to the senses. Most of the laws and principles laid 
down in this system of Physiognomy are so susceptible to 
demonstration by the senses alone, that one is hardly called 
upon, as Tyndall remarks, "to picture with the eye of the 
mind those operations which entirely elude the eye of the 
body." Observation and reflection, added to a love of truth 
and a candid mind, are all that are needed for this study. 

UNLUCKY PEBSONS. 

There are in the world many persons who consider them- 
selves, and who are considered by others, to be "unlucky;" 
that is, who are unfortunate in almost all their undertakings. 
My readers have doubtless asked themselves the question, 
Why is it that some people are always unlucky? — always in 



252 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

trouble of one sort or another? There can be but one an- 
swer to this question: Such persons are lacking in some 
department of their organization; there is either a mental 
deficiency or a moral incapacity, or, as it often occurs, great 
physical w*eakness of some part of the body, which always 
culminates just in time to thwart all the well laid plans for 
success. But whatever may be the failing, it may be taken 
for granted that where "ill luck," as it is termed, follows one 
through a life-time, the ill luck is caused by being ill con- 
stituted. 

I have known, for example, a person whose nose was very 
short — so short as to be entirely disproportioned to*the rest of 
the face. The character was equally inharmonious. Now, a 
nose too short denotes, as you will find, a reckless, careless, 
impudent, and imprudent nature. I am sure that to be all 
this is to be " unlucky," indeed. This person, by careless, 
reckless ways, lost her health, which, as she had not a bal- 
anced mind, she attributed to "ill luck." (This is a conveni- 
ent phrase under which many seek to conceal their ignorance 
and incapacity.) Then, in her intercourse with her friends, 
she would converse with them in a manner which she thought 
was charmingly "frank," but which they considered impu- 
dent, and often insulting. In this way she lost her friends 
almost as fast as she gained them. Yet this person always 
spoke of herself as "so unlucky," conveying the idea that 
some unfortunate combination of circumstances was always 
in waiting to injure her prospects, or that some power, out- 
side of herself and beyond her control, was constantly assist- 
ing to make her "unlucky." Now you will ask, What was it 
that caused this condition of her organism? As you have 
read that all faculties are in their nature good and useful — 
none bad or useless — why was it that this person should be 
cursed, through no fault of her own, by an unbalanced or- 
ganism, which always brought disaster to her and her friends? 
This unbalanced condition, reader, was the product of a 
combination of traits on the part of her parents, and which 
should not have been perpetuated. Of course, they sinned 



FORM AS A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE. 253 

ignorantly in this matter; for, had they understood Scientific 
Physiognomy, they each might have married so as to have 
improved the race, and been the progenitors of more "lucky" 
children, because better endowed at birth with a balanced 
organism. Parents are censurable for creating evil condi- 
tions of mind and body, and transmitting them to their 
children. 

Many persons are under the impression that marriage is 
holy under all circumstances, if only a minister or priest 
preside at the ceremony. This absurd opinion has arisen 
from the singular nomenclature used to designate certain laws 
and customs. A large class of persons, for example, believe 
that the laws and customs of sectarian and theological societies 
are divine, and that divinity belongs exclusively to this class 
of laws and beliefs. Now, this is an absurdity; for every 
law which relates to our physical nature is just as divine as 
the laws which govern sectarian and theological societies, 
and really of far more importance, as broken physical laws 
lead to immorality and the grossest irreligion. When we 
can comprehend physical religion, and strive to live up to it, 
"unlucky" persons will cease to be perpetuated, and true 
religion, will give strong, well balanced, moral, intellectual, 
and happy organisms, with moral power and brain power, 
added to such health as will enable them to command cir- 
cumstances. Such persons will never prove unlucky to them- 
selves or their friends. There are many just such unlucky 
persons in our penitentiaries as the one instanced. An ex- 
amination of the physiognomies of these unfortunates will 
prove that many of them have inherited unbalanced, dwarfed, 
perverted, or one-sided natures. The physical and moral 
sins of the fathers and mothers have been visited upon their 
children; and although, for the safety of the community, 
these "unlucky," unfortunate individuals must be pent up, 
yet we should, in justice — not charity, but in a spirit of jus- 
tice — overlook much of their evil-doing, and censure them 
only for not trying to eradicate the evils implanted in their 
natures by a law which is more just and divine in its opera- 



254 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tions than the ceremony which gave their progenitors license 
to perpetuate such moral monstrosities. "I will repay, saith 
the Lord." Broken physical laws are just as great an abom- 
ination in the sight of God as broken moral ones are; they 
are inseparably bound together, and cannot be judged apart. 
And whether parents sin ignorantly or sin willfully, Nature 
takes no notice of the motive, but inflicts the penalty with 
the most exact justice, because natural or divine law, which- 
ever you may term it, is unerring, and no respecter of 
persons. 



CHAPTER X. 

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 

"Systematic Physiology is based especially upon the history of development, 
and unless this is more complete,, can never make rapid progress; for the history 
of development furnishes the philosopher with the materials necessary for the secure 
construction of a system of organic life. We should study each organ, each tissue, 
and even each function, simply with the view of determining whence they have 
arisen." — Huschke. 

In viewing the beautiful ideals of art, as shown by the 
sculptured marbles of the great masters of ancient Greece; 
in regarding the beauteous blending of color and imagery, as 
exhibited in the works of Titian, Correggio, and Michael 
Angelo; in beholding the grand and sublime efforts of some 
impassioned orator; or in contemplating the wonderful me- 
chanism brought into existence by the creative mind of a 
master inventor — the thoughtful observer will, no doubt, ask 
himself these questions : How has man become possessed of 
the varied powers necessary to the perfecting of all these 
creations? — did he come come into existence fully equipped, 
like Minerva from the brain of Jupiter, and endowed with 
all the faculties essential to these operations? No, reader ! 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 



255 




NATIVE AUSTRALIANS. 
Showing a lack of Muscular Development. (After M. d'Urville.) 

Nature produces do miracles; in her domain, orderly, pro- 
gressive, unerring, infallible law is the method by which 
perfection is attained. 

This is as true in the department of Sociology as of Biol- 
ogy, and governments go forward only as fast as the people 
are prepared. This preparation is also a matter of growth 
and development, and society moves forward on fixed lines, 
presided over by immutable laws. There are no miracles in 
Nature, and no retrogression. All who have gazed upon 
the pictured representations of the native Australians, or 
those who have visited them in their own habitat, have, no 
doubt, observed in their organisms the absence of certain 
faculties and certain functions. The muscular system is seen 
to be very defective, as evidenced by the lack of muscular 
development in the calves of the legs, in the arms, and in the 
entire body. The faculties which derive their power from 
this system are, consequently, lacking in this people. The 



256 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

architectural, artistic, literary, and mathematical powers are 
entirely wanting. Their rude habitations cannot compare, in 
architectural skill, with the buildings of the ant, wasp, mole, 
or beaver. You may say that they have speech, and that 
speech is a "divine gift." How, then, does it occur, if these 
people are "divine" — the children of God, above and beyond 
all the lower animal creations, and endowed with the so-called 
"divine gift" of speech — I ask, how does it occur that these 
people are so undeveloped as not to compare, in natural in- 
telligence, with some races of dogs, for example ? 

Is it because they have had no education — no schools, 
churches, hospitals, and jails, and other concomitants of 
civilization? Not at all; these would be as useless to them 
as clothing, houses, and furniture. They are incapable of 
further development. Their language alone would prevent 
their progress, since it is, like themselves, in its infancy; 
they speak in guttural monosyllables, like babes when they 
first essay speech. Theirs is a condition of arrested devel- 
opment; they have become paralyzed — ossified; they can go 
no further, and will die out; for when progression ceases, 
annihilation results. The conditions requisite for the growth 
of this race were absent. For ages they lived without ad- 
mixture of other blood, and this alone produces stagnation. 
They occupied what may properly be termed an island home, 
where no great beasts ranged to invite the force of man to 
their destruction. This one circumstance prevented their 
advance by impeding muscular development; and without 
the development of the muscular system, the grandest 
achievements of civilization are impossible. 

Those who have followed the course of this system of 
Physiognomy will have seen how many beautiful faculties 
are evolved from the Muscular system — how many depend 
upon its perfection and dominance. Mechanism, art, com- 
merce, sentiment, and social life find in the high development 
of the Muscular system their best illustration. Blot out 
from the human organism all these, and what remains? An 
organism incapable of further evolution; because Nature 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 257 

never leaps, and cannot progress except in her regular order. 
If the muscles have not been properly developed, the func- 
tions and faculties which are related to the Muscular system 
will not make their appearance, and the Bone and Brain 
systems will not be perfected. Hence, destruction will follow 
any race that does not move according to the laws and re- 
quirements of evolution. 

How do we know the methods of Nature in regard to 
man's evolution? There are three sources from which we 
derive this knowledge: Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, 
and Embryology. These sciences write the history of man's 
development in living letters. The means of obtaining this 
knowledge are in existence in the world at the present time. 
The profoundest minds of the age are turned to the investi- 
gation of the origin of man and of his mind; it is reasonable 
to conclude that they will bring forth results of their inves- 
tigations in the shape of proofs. This they have already 
done to some extent; and, by the vast researches of one man 
alone — Ernst Haeckel — we are able to trace the evolution of 
races, and of the organs of animal and human organisms. 

My theories of the nature, origin, location, and meaning 
of the several organs, functions, and faculties of the human 
mind and body have been shaping for years. I have re- 
frained from putting them forward, because I knew that, on 
account of their novelty, they would be subjected to severe 
and adverse criticism; because, also, I had not the corrobo- 
rative testimony of those better known to science. But, as- 
time has progressed, investigation and research on the part 
of eminent thinkers have given me all the evidence I need to 
sustain the basilar principles of my system. Observation of 
the faces and forms of men, women, and animals will supply 
the rest. 

The more I investigate Mr. Haeckel's system of evolution, 
the more profoundly am I impressed with its truth. In it I 
find the corroborations of my system, or at least many parts 
of it; and I blush while I write it, that one so obscure as 
myself can claim to be able to corroborate anything that so 



258 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

great a mind has advanced. I also find in Physiognomy the 
corroboration of much that he has stated, but especially have 
I found in the human face the proofs of the evolution of the 
organs and systems of the body of man, simply by the order 
of the location of their signs in the face. The order of their 
placing and action in the body is also a proof of many of his 
positions, and mine as well. 

Here I am about to attempt a very difficult task. I am 
desirous of giving my reader somewhat of Mr. Haeckel's 
system of the origin and progress of the systems and organs 
of the body in a few pages. This is a work to which he 
devotes two volumes, and my attempt may be thought pre- 
sumptuous; but still it is my proof, and I hope I may ac- 
complish my task without injustice to his elaborate descrip- 
tions, illustrated, as th^y are, with numerous diagrams and 
plates. It must be borne in mind that the knowledge of the 
origin and progressive development of the entire man, as he 
now stands perfected, has been sought for, first, in the sim- 
plest organisms in the world — viz., the amoeba; thence com- 
ing along up the scale of progressive evolution to the family 
of worms; thence along the line of investigation to the brain- 
less fishes; thence to the skulled organisms, through reptiles, 
birds, and beasts, to man. 

In order to make my evidence more complete, I will go 
back to primeval times and take up the investigation of 
primeval organisms; because, in their origin and evolution, 
they type the growth and progress of man, his organs and 
functions. The amoeba is composed of a small speck of 
slime, or plasmoid substance. Under the microscope it 
discloses a simple cell, or germ. This form is the beginning 
of life in every plant, animal, and man in the world. Man, 
at his commencement, is nothing more than this — a small 
cell, or germ, combined with a microscopic quantity of 
mucus-like substance. In the case of the amoeba, we find 
that, without any organs, it yet has powers such as are seen 
only in developed organisms. It seems to possess the facul- 
ties of motion without muscles, bones, or limbs, irrita- 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 259 

bility without nerves, digestion without stomach, reproduc- 
tion without sexual organs, and respiration without lungs; 
and, withal, purely chemical in its action. At the first dawn 
of all things in existence, chemical action alone seems to be 
dominant. As it lies in the water — for this is its natural 
abode, and it can be seen in bodies of both fresh and salt 
water almost any day by seeking for it — it can project one 
part like a limb; it can expand, contract, or roll up in a 
spherical shape. It digests by absorption the minute ani- 
malculaa contained in the water, thus showing it to be car- 
nivorous without teeth. It reproduces by fission, or division; 
that is to say, after it has attained a certain size it separates 
into two parts, and these again, in their turn, repeat the 
process when the right proportions are reached. 

You will ask how it is possible for an animal to do all this 
without organs or functions. The answer I make to this, is 
that these powers must be diffused through the creature just 
as they are at the other extreme of evolution; just as they 
are found in man, the highest expression of organized life, 
as the amoeba is the lowest; just as all the elements of life 
are diffused through oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. 
All the possibilities of organic form and life are in these 
simple constituents; yet we see that they have neither form 
nor organs. Although man has several systems of functions, 
still they are so blended and interrelated that it is impos- 
sible for any one of them to act independently; they are 
diffused, so to speak, all through the human system. The 
merves, the muscles, the bones, the tissues, the mind itself 
even, is diffused, and irritation and sensibility proceed from 
all the nerve-ganglia in the body, just as irritation and sensi- 
bility are manifested by the microscopic amoeba, without any 
perceptible nervous system. 

The next stage of progression after the amoeba is a simple 
aggregation of cells, without organs as yet. The manner in 
which these germ-cells aggregate or break up into other cells 
is most interesting, and has been observed in very low mam- 
mals, in guinea pigs and rabbits, in the amphioxus, and in 



260 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the eggs of toads and frogs. The eggs of all these animals 
develop exactly as do the cells of the amoeba. Observation 
of the manner in which the eggs of frogs develop shows 
that their eggs are circular, and the upper half appears darker 
than the lower; this marks the egg into two distinct halves. 
This marking into halves commences about an hour after be- 
ing- deposited; an hour later another line or furrow is formed, 
cutting the first at right angles. This change continues in 
geometrical progression, from two to four, thence to eight, 
to twelve, to sixteen, to twenty-four, to thirty-six, to forty- 
eight, to sixty-four, until one huudred and sixty cells are 
formed, the greater number of which consist of the cells 
which later form the animal functions; the less number, 
the vegetative functions of the animal. This law of mathe- 
matical progression is one proof of my proposition that all 
the operations of Nature have mathematical law as a common 
basis. The commencement of all life is on so infinitesimal 
a scale that, until the microscope reached its present perfec- 
tion, the means to ascertain the laws of evolution did not 
exist. 

The next stage, appears as a simple hollow globe filled with 
liquid, the wall of which consists of a single layer of cells. 

The next progressive step shows us a hollow body with an 
opening at one end, the wall consisting of two different 
cell-strata. These strata Mr. Haeckel describes thus: "The 
two cellular layers which surround the cavity of the primitive 
intestine, and alone constitute the wall of the latter, are of 
very great significance; for these two, which alone constitute 
the whole body, are, in fact, the two primary germ-layers, or 
primitive germ-layers. The outer cell-layer is the skin-layer, 
or exoderm; the inner cell-layer is the intestinal layer, or 
entoderm. The whole body of all true animals proceeds 
solely from these two primary germ-layers. The skin-layer 
furnishes the outer body-wall; the intestinal layer forms the 
inner wall of the intestine, and directly surrounds the intes- 
tinal cavity. At a later period, a cavity forms between the 
two germ-layers; this cavity, filled with blood or lymph, is 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 261 

the body cavity (coeloma). The two primary germ-layers — 
the outer, or serous, and the inner, or mucus layer — were 
first clearly distinguished in 1817, by Pander, in the incu- 
bated chick; but their full significance was first thoroughly 
recognized by Baer, in 1828, who gave the name of animal 
layer to the outer layer; that of vegetative layer to the inner. 
These names are very apt, because it is the outer layer which 
especially, if not exclusively, gives rise to the animal organs 
of sensation and movement — the skin, the nerves, and the 
muscles; while, on the other hand, it is especially from the 
inner layer that the vegetative organs of nourishment and 
reproduction — the intestine and blood-vessel systems — arise." 
This hollow body mentioned above is the primitive intes- 
tine; the opening, the first appearance of the mouth; the 
two different kinds of cell-strata form the inner and outer 
skin; the inner skin assists in digestion, and the outer forms 
the covering and assists in motion and sensation. 

The next advance made shows an organism — the turbel- 
laria, a gliding worm, which is found at the present day in 
both fresh and salt water. These creatures have two open- 
ings to the body, a nerve system consisting of a simple nerve 
ganglion at the top of the mouth-opening, a pair of simple 
eyes, and nose-pits; also, will be found a pair of simple kid- 
ney ducts. Mr. Haeckel remarks: 

"The appearance of these (kidney ducts) at so early a 
period shows that the kidneys are very important primordial 
organs. It also shows their existence in all flat worms; for 
even the tape-worms, which in consequence of the adoption 
of a parasitic mode of life have lost the intestine, yet have 
the two secreting primitive kidneys, or excretory ducts. The 
latter, therefore, seem to be older and of greater physiolog- 
ical importance than the blood-vessel system, which is wholly 
wanting in the flat worms." 

The reader will observe that the kidney system makes its 
appearance before the heart, liver, lungs, blood circulating 
system, brains, bones, or any of the smaller organs or sys- 
tems of the body. Mr. Haeckel observed this fact, and, as 



262 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

he expresses it, "the kidneys seem to be of greater physio- 
logical importance than the blood-vessel system." Of the 
first appearance of the kidney system, Mr. Haeckel observes: 

"These four organ-systems which have been mentioned 
were already in existence when an apparatus developed ter- 
tiarily in the human ancestral line, which at first sight seems 
of subordinate significance, but which proves, by its early 
appearance in the animal series and in the embryo, that it 
must be very ancient, and consequently of great physiological 
and morphological value. This is the urinary apparatus, or 
kidney system, the organ-system which secretes and removes 
the useless fluids from the body." 

We have already seen how the primitive kidneys appear in 
the embryo of all vertebrates long before any trace of the 
"heart is discoverable. Later on Mr. Haeckel remarks: 

"The human skin and intestines are, according to this, 
many thousands of years older than the muscles and nerves. 
These again are much more ancient than the kidneys and 
blood-vessels, and the latter, finally, are many thousands of 
years older than the skeleton and the sexual organs. The 
common view that the vascular system — that is, the blood 
circulating system — is one of the most important and origi- 
nal organ-systems is therefore erroneous. It is as false as 
the assumption of Aristotle that the heart is the first part to 
form in the incubated chick. On the contrary, all the lower 
intestinal animals show plainly that the historic evolution of 
the vascular system did not begin till a comparatively late 
period." 

My observations in my own peculiar branch of science 
lead me to see the importance of the kidney system, not only 
from a physiological standpoint, but also from a moral one. 
The chapter on the "Rationale of Physical Functions and 
their Signs in the Face" explains this theory. 

The two systems of organs which appeared first in man's 
primitive ancestors were the intestinal and skin systems; 
these came simultaneously. After these came the gill-intes- 
tine, which foreshadowed the lungs. A rudimentary stomach 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 263 

was also evolved. The two systems which appeared next in 
order and simultaneously were the nerve and muscle systems. 
Then evolved the blood circulating system, as yet without a 
heart, the blood circulating through tubes without any cen- 
tral organ. 

The next set of systems which appeared were, first, the 
skeleton, and then the sexual system; reproduction previous 
to this having been produced by fission, or in other ways not 
requiring sexual organs. The first two systems which ap- 
peared were, as above stated, the intestinal and the outer 
skin-covering, which were used for motion, and also for sen- 
sation. This sense of touch stood in place of nerves to 
these low organisms; they gained all knowledge of their sur- 
roundings from the sense of touch, and "without touch," 
says Taine, "nothing could exist." 

Later on in evolution, this outer skin, which "had become 
especially sensitive, gradually withdrew into the shelter of the 
interior of the body, and there laid the first foundation of a 
central nervous organ. As differentiation advanced, the dis- 
tance and distinction between the external skin-covering and 
the central nervous system detached from this became con- 
tinually greater, and finally the two were permanently con- 
nected by the conductive peripheric nerves." 

"Let us now," says Haeckel, "turn aside from these very 
interesting features in evolution, and examine the develop- 
ment of the later human skin-covering, with its hairs, sweat 
glands, etc. The skin, in the first place, forms the general 
protective covering which covers the whole surface of the 
body, and protects all other parts. As such, it at the same 
time effects a certain change of matter between the body and 
the surrounding atmospheric air — perspiration, or skin- 
breathing. In the second place, the skin is the oldest and 
most primitive sense-organ, the organ of touch, which effects 
the sensation of the surrounding temperature, and of the 
pressure or resistance of bodies with which it comes in con- 
tact. Those organs of our body which discharge the highest 
and most perfect functions of animal life — those of sensa- 



264 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tion, volition, thought; in a word, the organs of the psyche, 
of mental life — arise from the external skin-covering." 

The corroboration of this last sentence of Mr. Haeckel is 
found stated in one of the sub-basic principles of scientific 
physiognomy — "Texture is significant of quality" — for, 
without seeing the face of an individual, or his form even, 
the quality of his mentality is disclosed by the quality of his 
skin and hair, both of which must and do correspond always 
to man's mental quality. The finer, clearer, and more sensi- 
tive the skin, the finer will be the quality of the mental sen- 
sations and sensibility, or, in other words, of his brain and 
nerves. Thus another proof of my propositions is given us 
from this great man's research. Although the two sciences 
on their first presentation do not seem to be directly con- 
nected, yet as we proceed we shall find that they are corrob- 
orative of each other. 

In Physiognomy the Brain and Nerve system is located the 
highest in the organism, and comes last in the order of pro- 
gressive development, for the reason that the true brain, the 
perfected cerebrum, was the last organ in developing, and is 
the chief seat of mentality', although mentality is diffused 
through all of the several systems of the entire organism, 
whether of man or animal. 

The first appearance of anything like a skeleton is the 
notochord, which is not yet true bone, but cartilaginous in 
its nature. It foreshadows the vertebras, or what is commonly 
called the backbone. Along the inner side of this cord a 
medullary or nerve-tube is found, which has evolved from 
the upper throat ganglia — the first appearance of a nervous 
system. This notochord develops sufficient strength later on 
in evolution to support strong side-muscles and an oar-like 
tail, which were needed for swimming. From the anterior 
portion of the notochord, near and above the mouth-opening, 
a little capsule made its appearance. This is the first begin- 
ning of a brain. Hitherto the mental powers of animal or- 
ganisms, their consciousness and sensibilities, the sense of 
feeling or touch, have been located in the body, in the inner 
and outer skin, in the muscles and notochord. 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 265 

Now a great step forward is taken. A single nostril forms 
above this capsule, and nostrils presuppose a use. At the 
side of the animal in which this stage of evolution exists, 
just below a simple eye which has formed, are seven little 
openings, called gill-openings. The air contained in the 
water taken in at the mouth, which is only a round opening 
without jaws as yet, is respired through these little gill-open- 
ings; this is the first approach toward breathing through an 
apparatus especially for that purpose. Hitherto breathing 
has been carried on by lower organisms through a process 
called skin respiration, or by using the oxygen contained in 
the water taken into the mouth-opening. 

These characteristics are all of the most important which 
have evolved from the first simple one-celled amoeba until 
the fish family is reached. Heretofore we have considered 
very low organisms — gastrsea, worms, and lampreys. The 
evolution of fishes marks a great advance in the origin of 
organs. The one little capsular brain has formed four other 
similar little bladders, which, later on, form one whole brain; 
these fiYe parts are the origin of the five parts of the brain 
as they are fouod divided in the human skull. Two jaws 
also appear, two nostrils, and the swimming bladder, which 
organ develops into the true lung in the higher vertebrates; 
as now found in the fish it is used as a hydrostatic apparatus, 
by means of which the fish rises and sinks in the water. 
The swimming bladder is developed from the anterior por- 
tion of the intestinal canal, and corresponds in its position 
to the lungs in the higher organisms. 

The strong side-muscles which were evolved in the swim- 
ming worm now develop into two fore and two hind limbs; 
the two fore limbs are called pectoral fins, and the hind limbs 
ventral fins. These fins foreshadow the upper and lower 
limbs, the hands and feet, of man, and the limbs of all ver- 
tebrate animals. "With the coming of these there appeared 
a sympathetic nerve system, a spleen, and salivary gland. In 
this stage of progress the notochord has ossified and become 
true bone, although fish-bone is always more like cartilage 
16 



266 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

than the bones of higher animals. Some little bony arches, 
called gill-arches have been thrown upward and forward from 
the anterior portion of the notochord, or, as it now is, the 
backbone of the fish, and these form the upper and lower 
jaws. Fishes have from four to six pairs of gill-openings, 
which lie between the gill-arches. " In the embryos of man 
and the higher vertebrates only three or four pairs are devel- 
oped." In the latter only a single vestige of a gill-opening 
remains, the remnant of the first gill-opening. This changes 
into a part of the organ of hearing; from it originates the 
outer ear-canal, the tympanic cavity, and the Eustachian tube. 

In all the three higher vertebrate classes, also in man, the 
tongue-bone (os hyoides) and the bonelets of the ear origi- 
nate from the gill-arches. From the first gill-arch, from the 
centre of the inner surface of which the muscular tongue 
grows, proceeds the rudimentary jaw skeleton, the upper and 
lower jaws, which inclose the cavity of the mouth and carry 
the teeth. The original formation of the human mouth- 
skeleton of the upper and lower jaws can thus be traced back 
to the earliest fishes, from which we have inherited them. 

The next stage of evolution brings us to the amphibia — 
creatures endowed with the power to live on land or in water. 
In this class of animals a lung for breathing while upon land 
is required. This organ evolves from the forward and upper 
end of the intestine, and the air is inhaled through a tube, or 
windpipe. " At the upper end of the windpipe, below its en- 
trance into the throat, the larynx, the organ of voice and 
speech, develops. The larynx occurs even in amphibia in 
various stages of development, and with the aid of Compar- 
ative Anatomy we can trace the progressive development of 
this important organ from its very simple rudiment in the 
lower amphibia up to the complex vocal apparatus repre- 
sented by the larynx of birds and mammals." 

The power for breathing necessitates a heart, or a blood 
circulating system. We accordingly find in the order of the 
amphibia a heart, not yet perfected in its power and mechan- 
ism as in the higher organism of reptiles, birds, and mam- 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 267 

mals. Of this change in the mode of breathing air directly 
from the atmosphere instead of from water, Mr. Haeckel 
says: "This physiologically significant modification of the 
mode of respiration is the most influential change that af- 
fected the animal organism in the transition from water to 
dry land. In the first place, it caused the development of 
an air-breathing organ, the lung, the water-breathing gills 
having previously acted as respiratory organs. Simultane- 
ously, however, it effected a remarkable change in the circu- 
lation of the blood and in the organs connected with this, for 
these are always most closely correlated with the respiratory 
organs." 

In this last sentence the reader will find the proof of the 
origin of my sign for the action of the heart: "The larger the 
lung and nostril the greater the size and power of the heart." 
These two organ-systems are closely interrelated, and one 
always conditions the other. The change from water-breath- 
ing to air-breathing led to many other important changes. 
Of this transformation Mr. Haeckel remarks : 

"Within the vertebrate tribe it was undoubtedly a branch 
of the primitive fishes (Selachii), which, during the Devo- 
nian period, made the most successful effort to accustom 
itself to terrestrial life, and breathe atmospheric air. In 
this the swimming bladder was especially of service, for it 
succeeded in adapting itself to respiration of air, and so be- 
came a true lung. The immediate consequence of this was 
the modification of the heart and nose." 

Here is still another proof of the origin of my sign in the 
the face for the power and activity of the circulatory system 
and heart. Let us return to the further description of the 
evolution of the organs by Mr. Haeckel. He says : 

"While the true fishes have only the blind nose-pits on 
the surface of the head, these now become connected with the 
mouth-cavity by an open passage; a canal formed in each 
side leading directly from the nose-pit into the mouth-cavity, 
and thus, even while the mouth-opening was closed, atmos- 
pheric air could be introduced into the lungs. While, more- 



268 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

over, in all true fishes the heart simply consists of two com- 
partments — an auricle which receives the venous blood from 
the veins of the body, and a ventricle which forces this blood 
through an arterial expansion into the gills — the auricle, 
owing to the formation of an incomplete partition-wall, is 
now divided into a right and left half; the right auricle alone 
now received the venous blood of the body, while the left 
auricle received the pulmonic venous blood passing from the 
lungs and the gills to the heart. The simple blood circula- 
tion of the true fishes thus became the so-called double cir- 
culation of the higher vertebrates, and this development 
resulted, in accordance with the laws of correlation, in fur- 
ther progress in the structure of other organs. 

"The vertebrate class which thus first adapted itself to the 
habit of breathing air is called mud-fishes — dipneusta, or 
double-breathers, because like the lowest amphibia they re- 
tain the earlier mode of breathing through the gills in addi- 
tion to the newly acquired lung respiration. In their mode 
of life they are true amphibia. During the tropical winter, 
in the rainy season, they swim in the water like fishes, and 
inhale water through the gills. During the dry season they 
burrow in the mud as it dries up, and during that period 
breathe air through lungs, like amphibians and higher verte- 
brates." 

The life on land of these amphibious creatures necessitated 
on apparatus for locomotion. This caused an advance in the 
strength of the side-muscles which were attached to the fins, 
and a change in the fins themselves. Of the construction of 
these fins, Mr. Haeckel observes : 

"The thorough researches of Gegenbaur have shown that 
the fins of fishes, concerning which very erroneous views 
were previously held, are feet with numerous digits; that is 
to say, the cartilaginous or osseous rays, many of which occur 
in every fish-fin, correspond to the fingers or digits on the 
limbs of higher vertebrates; the several joints of each ray 
correspond to the several joints of each digit. In the double- 
breathers the fin yet retains the same structure as in fishes, 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 269 

and it was only gradually that the five-toed form of foot, 
which occurs for the first time in amphibians, was developed 
from this multidigitate form. 

' 'The great significance of the five digits depends on the 
fact that this number has been transmitted from the amphibia 
to all higher vertebrates. It would be impossible to discover 
any reason why in the lowest amphibia, as well as in reptiles 
and in higher vertebrates up to man, there should always 
originally be five digits on each of the anterior and posterior 
limbs, if we denied that heredity from a common five-fingered 
parent-form is the efficient cause of this phenomenon. Hered- 
ity alone can account for it. In many amphibia certainly, as 
well as in many higher vertebrates, we find less than Hyq 
digits, but in all these cases it can be shown that separate 
digits have retrograded and have finally been completely lost. 
The causes which led to the development of the five-fingered 
foot of the higher vertebrates in this amphibian parent-form 
from the many fingered foot, must certainly be found in the 
adaptation to the totally altered functions which the limbs 
had to discharge during the transition from an exclusively 
aquatic life to the one which was partially terrestrial. While 
the many-fingered fins of the fish had previously served 
almost exclusively to propel the body through the water, they 
had now also to support the animal while creeping upon land. 
This effected a modification both of the skeleton and of the 
muscles of the limbs. The number of fin-rays was gradually 
lessened, and was finally reduced to five. These five remain- 
ing rays now, however, developed more vigorously. The soft 
cartilaginous rays became hard bones; the rest of the skele- 
ton became consequently more firm; the movements of the 
body became not only more vigorous but more varied. The 
separate portions of the skeleton system, and consequently 
of the muscular system, also became more and more differ- 
entiated, owing to the intimate correlation of the muscular 
to the nervous system; the latter also naturally made marked 
progress in point of functions and structure. We find, there- 
fore, that the brain is much more developed in the higher 
amphibia than in mud-fishes and in the lower amphibia." 



270 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

In the last few sentences of this description of the evolu- 
tion of the amphibia I find the corroboration of my theory 
of the progressive development of some of man's physical 
functions and mental faculties. I have shown elsewhere that 
as the muscular system evolved and became differentiated 
man's capacity for mental progression was enhanced. If the 
reader will refer to the opening pages of this chapter, he will 
find in the illustration I make of the native Australians how 
exactly in accord my theory of the order of development 
of the functions in man is with Mr. Haeckel's proofs of the 
evolution of the organs and functions, not only in the lowest 
organism, but in the embryonic life of man, and lastly in his 
most developed and perfected state as a full grown member 
of the latest and highest race. 

I cannot give within the limits of this work (neither is it 
pertinent) the history of the evolution of all the various or- 
gan-systems in the human body, I shall present simply those 
which in my judgment seem to be corroborative of, theories 
which are the result of years of observation and research on 
my part. Without pretending to carry the reader along the 
regular course of the evolution of the organs, so as to show 
the development of the structure of the skull, brain, and in- 
terior organs of the body not already noticed, I shall content 
myself with giving some extracts from different parts of the 
second volume of Haeckel's "Evolution of Man," bearing 
upon and sustaining my theory of the origin and location of 
mind. I will first quote a paragraph which is simply a reit- 
eration of what has already been adduced by Flourens, 
Longet, and other well known anatomists. Mr. Haeckel re- 
marks : 

"It is possible to remove the great hemispheres of a mam- 
mal piece by piece without killing the animal, thus proving 
that the higher mental activities, consciousness and thought, 
conscious volition and sensation, may be destroyed one by 
one, and finally entirely annihilated. If the animal thus 
treated is artificially fed, it may be kept alive for a long time, 
for the nourishment, digestion, respiration, the circulation of 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 271 

the blood, the secretion — in short, the vegetative functions — 
are in no way destroyed by the destruction of this most im- 
portant mental organ. Conscious sensation and voluntary 
motion, the capacity for thought, and the combination of the 
various higher mental activities, have alone been lost." 

.Of the origin of the source of mind, sensation, and con- 
sciousness, he says: 

"Comparative Anatomy and Physiology show hat in the 
low animals specialized sense-organs are entirely wanting, and 
that all sensations are transmitted through the outer surface 
of the skin-covering. The undifferentiated skin-layer, or ex- 
oderm, of the gastrsea is the simple cell-layer, from which the 
differentiated sense-organs of all intestinal animals (Metazoa), 
and therefore of all vertebrates, originally developed. Start- 
ing from the consideration that necessarily only the most 
superficial parts of the body, those immediately exposed to 
the outer world, could have accomplished sensations, we 
should be justified in conjecturing a priori that the organs of 
sense also owe their origin to the same source. This is in- 
deed the fact." 

Elsewhere Mr. Haeckel observes: "The history of evolu- 
tion, in conjunction with the rapidly advancing comparative 
anatomy and physiology of the sense-organs, affords the only 
safe foundation for the natural theory of the mind." 

Speaking of the varying degrees of intelligence or mental 
activity in the lowest vertebrates, he remarks : 

"Side by side within the various classes, orders, genera, 
and species, we find so great a variety of vertebral intellects 
that at first sight one can scarcely deem it possible that they 
can all be derived from the mind of a common primitive ver- 
tebrate. First, there is the little 'lancelet, which has no brain 
at all, but only a simple medullary tube, the entire mental 
capacity remaining at the very lowest grade occurring among 
vertebrates. The cyclostoma also, standing just above, ex- 
hibit a hardly higher life, though they have a brain. Passing 
on to the fishes, we find these intelligences, as is well known, 
at a very low point. Not until from these we ascend to the 



272 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

amphibia is any essential progress in mental development 
observable." 

Here, again, I find still further proofs of my theories. 
The reader will remember that I have stated elsewhere that 
the natural order of the progressive development in the races 
of man, from the lowest to the higher, was from the Vegeta- 
tive system to the Thoracic, from the Thoracic to the Mus- 
cular. Now, the great advance made by the amphibia was 
in the increased development of the Muscular system; first, 
in the addition of lungs, heart, and muscles, to assist loco- 
motion on land. This increased action of the Muscular sys- 
tem, of course, advanced the mental powers and activities. 
The amphibia would necessarily be brought into contact 
with new and diverse methods of life, in order to establish 
itself on land, and to accommodate itself to the new condi- 
tions which this form of life entailed. The circumstance of 
having to provide food other than that supplied by the waters 
would not only strengthen and cultivate the Muscular system, 
but would sharpen the mental activities of the creature. Its 
life being passed partly on land would strengthen the Bony 
system, for sunlight is essential to the development of the 
osseous structure in animals as well as man. And here the 
next great advance in physiological and anatomical and 
mental development was made; for the reader will please 
observe that faculties and functions advance and develop 
simultaneously. 

Let us here continue Mr. Haeckel's description of the 
evolution of mind in the lower vertebrates. He says: "This 
progress in mental development is much greater in mammals; 
although, even here in the beaked animals (Ornithostoma), 
and the next higher class, the stupid pouched animals 
(Marsupials), the entire mental activity is still of a very low 
order; but if we pass on from these to placental animals, 
within this multiform group we find such numerous -and im- 
portant steps in differentiation and improvement, that the 
mental differences between the most stupid placental ani- 
mals (for instance, sloths and armadilloes) and the most 



ORIGIN AND EYOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 273 

intelligent animals of the same group (for instance, dogs and 
apes) seem much more considerable than the differences in 
the intellectual life of dogs, apes, and men." 

This last mentioned advance, my readers will observe, is 
based on the differentiations which resulted in a more com- 
plex arrangement of the organs and functions of reproduc- 
tion, and of all the concomitant functions and faculties which 
this great advance requires. A more extensive and complex 
nervous system and brain would be necessitated by such 
change, and in the placental animals we accordingly find that 
the mentality has advanced in the ratio of their physical and 
anatomical development. Herein I find another proof of 
one of my theories; namely, that functions and faculties are 
correlated; that the mental cannot progress without the phy- 
sical powers; that they depend upon each other, condition 
each other; that, in short, mind is a part of the entire body, 
and does not inhabit any one particular portion of the organ- 
ism, but is diffused all through it — is blended with every 
function, and is part of every function. This knowledge sim- 
plifies the doctrine of mind, spirit, and soul very materially. 
As the mind or brain has always been considered the organ 
of the spirit or soul by theologians and metaphysicians, 
Comparative Anatomy will give them all the evidence needed 
to ascertain its locality and attributes. Of the difference 
between nature and spirit, Mr. Haeckel observes: 

"Accordingly, we cannot assent to the popular distinction 
between nature and spirit. Spirit exists everywhere in nat- 
ure, and we know of no spirit outside of nature; hence, 
also, the usual distinction between natural science and men- 
tal science is entirely untenable; every real science is at the 
same time both a natural and a mental science; man is not 
above nature, but in nature." 

In closing this review of portions of Mr. Haeckel's "Evo- 
lution of Man," let us compare the points of resemblance and 
correspondence between the two sciences, and summarize 
the proofs by which his evidence is corroborative of my 
discoveries in scientific physiognomy. The first point of 



274 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

resemblance between the two is evidential of one of my bas- 
ilar laws; namely, that all creations, as well as all particles 
of matter, have for their basis three underlying laws — those 
of chemistry, architecture, and mathematics. I have shown, 
in the description of germ-cells, that all life is at first a 
simple cell, a purely chemical compound; in its next stage 
it takes on a fixed and definite form or shape, thus showing 
its architectural proportions. The number of the divisions 
of the germ-cells in geometrical ratio proves that mathemat- 
ical law governs every particle of matter, and controls the 
physical as well as mental basis of life. 

My theory of the high importance of the kidney system as 
a moral agent and a purifier of the body and mind, I think, 
is we]l sustained by the investigations of Mr. Haeckel among 
the lower animal organisms, where he finds the existence of 
kidney ducts long before any of the organs and functions, 
which are considered by the generality of people more es- 
sential to the existence of the human organism. Of course, 
physicians and physiologists comprehend thoroughly the 
■ 'high physiological importance," as Mr. Haeckel terms it, 
of the kidney system; because they know that, whereas the 
functions of the bowel system can be suspended for from 
twenty to thirty days without causing death, the suspension 
of the functions of the kidney system will cause convulsions 
and death in almost as many hours. 

Well might it be said that the early appearance of this 
system in the lower organisms showed it to be "of great 
physiological importance." It is not equaled by any other 
system in the body in point of necessity and importance. 
The general belief is that the bowel system is the greatest 
excretory power of the body. This is not correct; the skin, 
which is closely related to the kidney system, far exceeds the 
bowel system in importance as an excretory agent. This 
intimate relation of the skin and kidneys is proved, by the 
investigations of Mr. Haeckel, by the fact of the kidneys 
having evolved from the outer skin sensory layer. The 
every-day experience of almost all adults proves this relation- 



ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS. 275 

ship between the skin and kidneys; for where the pores of 
the skin have become inactive by reason of chill or cold, the 
kidneys act for them, and throw off an increased amount of 
waste material, and this action is carried on vice versa. 

That the nerves, brain, and kidneys have originated from 
the same source — that is, by evolution — is proved, not only 
by Mr. HaeckePs observation, but by the facts and experi- 
ences of life; by the joint indications and signs of all these 
functions in the bodies of human beings. The finer and 
clearer the skin, the finer the grade of mentality is found to 
be. Compare, for example, the texture of "Sitting Bull's" 
skin with the finely organized cuticle of Elizabeth Barrett 
Browning, the grand poetess. Another proof of their common 
origin is found in the fact that a finely organized skin assists 
in carrying off the waste and impurities of the body, thus 
assisting the kidneys in excreting impurities which lead to 
immorality where they are not discharged; while, at the same 
time, this finely organized skin is an indication of purity of 
thought, which characterizes all who have a fine quality of 
brain, or where the Brain and Nerve systems predominate 
over all other systems of the organism; thus proving my 
theory that Conscientiousness is related to the kidney system. 
I do not think that this position can be controverted, except 
on the old theological basis that mind is something apart 
from the body, and governed by a "soul," the location and 
qualities of which have never, to my knowledge, been as- 
certained. 

The next point of resemblance, and corroboration of my 
sign for the size of the nostrils and lungs, and the corre- 
sponding strength and vigor of the blood circulating sys- 
tem, are found in the simultaneous appearance, in the low 
fish organisms, of these three organs and systems. Every 
indication of the human face and body proves the correctness 
of these signs. Wherever the nostrils are wide and large, 
or round and large, the lungs correspond in size and shape. 
The heart, also, must necessarily be of large size and of 
powerful action, in order to receive all the blood which large 



276 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

lungs oxygenate. Thus these systems are naturally and 
necessarily correlated, and mutually condition each other. 
In this, another proof of my theories is afforded. 

Let us proceed still further in our examination of evidence. 
One of the strongest corroborations of scientific physiognomy 
that I have received is in the showing of the correlation of 
the functions of the muscular system with those of the brain 
and nerves. As Mr. Haeckel has told us, the efforts of the 
amphibia to accommodate itself to terrestrial life advanced 
greatly the power and capacity of the muscular system; 
hence, of the mental powers. Thus it will be seen that these 
operations are correlated; that, in fact, muscular movements 
are in themselves mental to a degree; not as highly special- 
ized, it is true, as the faculty for pure abstract reasoning, 
although I believe this faculty will eventually be proved to 
have an intimate relation with the muscular and fibroid 
systems. The increased activity of the muscles necessitates 
increase in the size of the skeleton or osseous system; also, 
in the power of the nerves and size of the brain; hence, of 
mental activity and higher intelligence; for, as the anatomy 
of the higher animals (dogs and apes, for example) shows 
that the power of speech is denied them solely on the ground 
that they have not that development of the larynx, tongue, 
and lips essential to the quality of speech, which is found 
among the lowest human races even, and the latter do not 
possess that perfection of the muscular system which gives 
the power for perfected speech, such as is found in European 
races, for example. Speech is thus shown to be a physio- 
logical gift, as Mr. Haeckel observes — not a " divine" one; 
that is to say, not in the sense in which that word is com- 
monly used. 1 believe every created thing to be divine and 
emanating from the Creator, whether it be an oyster or an 
ape, and the reason why neither of them speak is not from 
a lack of divinity, but because of the absence of a suitable 
physiological development, each step of which is just as 
divine one as another; the first step in evolution illustrating 
the power of the Creator as much as the last one. All are 
divine, infallible, and unerring. 



SIGNS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. 277 

CHAPTER XI. 

SIGNS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE IN THE PHYSIOGNOMY. 

"Every disease is a protest of Nature against an active or passive violation of her 
laws." — Oswald. 

"Unnatural food is the principal cause of human degeneration ; it is the oldest 
vice." — Ibid. 

The practical value of scientific physiognomy is nowhere 
more apparent than in the exposition it makes of the con- 
struction and conditions of the internal organization of the 
human body. By the face alone we are able (if we read it 
scientifically) to distinguish differences in the form, power, 
and ability of the several visceral organs and systems. Phy- 
sicians have long understood the value of the pulse as an 
indicator of health and disease; the tongue, also, discloses 
both healthy and diseased conditions of the various organs, 
tissues, and systems hidden from the sight and touch of man; 
the face, too, has been relied upon to some extent in diag- 
nosing the changes and conditions incident to disease. Yet 
the face, as an exponent of the form, size, and natural power 
of the different organs and systems of functions which con- 
stitute the organism as a whole, has never been put before 
the world until now. This knowledge, added to an under- 
standing of the facial signs of health and disease, will be of 
incalculable advantage, particularly to mothers, and, indeed, 
to all who are desirous of understanding and conserving 
their mental and physical powers. I design, in this chapter, 
to give a few of the prominent signs by which diseased and 
healthful conditions and organisms can be ascertained. 

To a thoughtful and observant person, the face will seem 
naturally to be the exponent of the entire organism. It has 
evolved just in the same way that the various organ-systems 
have developed. From the expressionless faces of the lower 
animals, the human face has gradually assumed its present 



278 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

degree of perfection of form; as the evolution of the race 
continues, it is probable that there will be additions and 
changes of the physiognomy to suit the altered mental and 
physical conditions which evolution will entail. There has 
been a constant change and addition of expressions in con- 
nection with the evolution of the physical and mental powers. 
The physiognomies of the most advanced peoples are much 
more expressive than those of the lowest races; the physical 
powers of the former are more highly specialized than those 
of the latter; in fact, we find that the mental powers keep 
pace with physiological development all along the line of 
progressive growth. 

The forehead, chin, and denned nose are the latest ac- 
quisitions to human physiognomy; none of the lower animals 
possess either; neither have they the same degree of reason, 
conscientiousness, and mechanical ability as the developed 
man; and the signs for these faculties are found in the fore- 
head, chin, and nose. None of the lower animals have a 
nose that rises from the plane of the face, except the nose- 
ape (Semnopithicus nascius), and in this species of animal 
the projecting nose is not indicative of superior intelligence 
as one might imagine, although it is far greater in size than 
the noses of many human beings. The question of quality 
must always be taken into account as well as form and size. 
The nose of the nose-ape lacks the right form ; that is to say, 
it is not the same shape which in man would denote superior 
intelligence; it is long and sharp-pointed, like a gimlet. I 
regard this peculiar nose as having had its origin in some 
physical necessity in connection with the getting of food, or 
that it originated by natural selection, and thus, augmented 
by inheritance, became a permanent type. Whatever may 
have been its origin, it is wanting in other essentials in order 
to be, according to the law of physiognomy, an indication of 
superior mentality. The quality is wanting; also, the right 
shape; therefore, this peculiar type does not militate against 
the statement that "the size of the nose is the measure of 
power." The noses of all inferior races of men, and of all 



SIGNS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. 279 

inferior persons among the superior or cultivated races, are 
proofs of this law. Observe, for example, the noses of 
Locke, Newton, Des Cartes, and Leibnitz ; theirs are the 
largest of any historical characters. There is no record in 
history of any person having attained eminence in any de- 
partment of life whose nose resembled that of a Bushman of 
South Africa or that of a Congo negro. 

The nose, as has been shown elsewhere, is an indicator of 
both lungs and heart; and as man depends upon his breath- 
ing and circulatory power for his ability to perform almost 
all of the useful and great acts of life, the importance of the 
high development of the nose in regard to size and form must 
be apparent to the reader; therefore, any peculiarity in this 
feature, which would indicate a deficiency in the action of 
either the lungs or the heart, would necessarily afford the 
clue to the grade of mentality of the possessor of such pecu- 
liarity. "When we wish to discover the natural construction 
of the lungs and heart, and the power and vigor of the cir- 
culation, as well as the ability of the lungs to oxygenate the 
blood, we must look to the size and shape of the nostrils 
and nose. If the nostrils be small, the lungs will be small 
also; and the heart, not receiving a large supply of well oxy- 
genated blood, will not of course be as powerful as where 
the supply is greater. The natural or inherited quality of 
the individual is useful in estimating the strength or weak- 
ness of the internal organs, and the power of their functions; 
this, too, must be taken into account in forming an opinion 
in regard to their action. The texture, color, and clearness 
of the skin and eyes, as remarked elsewhere, will assist in 
arriving at the quality of the physiology of the individual. 

These characteristics of the natural physiological condi- 
tions give us an understanding of the mental powers, for 
mind is only a question of physiology. Although we have 
been taught that it is something superior to the body, we 
know that it cannot exist apart from it, and cannot be re- 
garded as an entity. Now, when we observe a person whose 
nose lies flat, or nearly so, against the face, we know directly 



280 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

that his mental construction is of a very low order, from lack 
of the physical assistance which a developed state of the 
lungs, heart, and stomach renders. A low flat nose denotes 
a low grade of intellect — low, because there is not the proper 
apparatus for assimilating enough of the constituents of the 
atmosphere to give noble aspirations and lofty and vigorous 
thought. But as my design in this chapter is to treat par- 
ticularly of the facial signs and indications of health and 
disease, and of healthful and diseased conditions, both natu- 
ral and acquired, I shall pass by the meanings of mental 
significations in the countenance, and confine myself to the 
purely physiological or pathognomonic aspect of the physi- 
ognomy. Physicians in all ages have understood many signs 
of disease and health as shown by the various expressions 
and changes of the human face. Hippocrates and Galen, 
the most ancient medical writers, have left us some opinions 
in regard to signs of disease which they had observed. Hip- 
pocrates tells us that it is a bad symptom " when the eyes of 
the patient shun the light, when they begin to squint, when 
one appears smaller than the other, when the white begins to 
redden, the arteries to grow black, to swell, or to disappear 
in an extraordinary manner;" and he adds, "The more the 
posture of the patient approaches that which was habitual to 
him in a state of health the less the danger." 

The natural predisposition to many diseases can be known 
by the peculiarities of facial construction. With this knowl- 
edge once gained, the individual will be able to ward off dis- 
ease by using such precautionary measures as hygienic law 
dictates. All hollows in the countenance denote weakness. 
If these hollows are natural, then the defect is constitutional; 
if temporary, then they are acquired, and can easily be rem- 
edied. A small, narrow, retreating chin, or one which hol- 
lows nrward near the under lip, discloses constitutional weak- 
ness of the kidneys. Hollow cheeks in the lower part show 
weak digestion, or poor assimilative capacity. Hollow places 
in front of the ear-opening, where the parotid gland is situ- 
ated, also exhibit less of assimilative power than where this 



SIGNS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. 281 

portion of the face is full. I Lave observed this gland so 
emaciated as to form deep wrinkles all over it. This ap- 
pearance shows that the salivary glands are inactive and 
small; hence, they cannot secrete and supply as much saliva 
as is necessary for the perfect insalivation of the food re- 
ceived. A thin, pale, and dry upper lip bears testimony to 
a weakness in the reproductive system ; extreme shortness of 
the upper lip signifies a tendency to weakness of the spine. 
Shortness of the septum of the nose so that it is level with 
the alae, or wings, or where it is observed to be shorter than 
the sides, evinces a predisposition to bilious disorders. Dr. 
Simms gives hollow temples as a sign for a weak liver; my 
observations confirm this as one sign of a tendency to bilious 
disorders. A sallow skin, a yellow tinge of the sclerotic, or 
white of the eyes, are other facial signs of a disordered bili- 
ary system. 

Narrow or pinched nostrils are evidential of weak lungs. 
This formation also shows a sluggish arterial circulation. 
Weakness of the lungs gives other indications of their in- 
ability to perform their office properly; a pale bluish cast of 
the skin, with blue or pale lips and nails, arching of the nails 
over the fingers, sighing and yawning frequently, shortened 
respiration, narrow and drooping shoulders, and a flat chest, 
are all symptoms of an imperfect thoracic system. Disease 
of the heart is also indicated by a blue skin, fatty cornea of 
the eye, and red and white spots on the face. I have ob- 
served, in severe cases of heart disease, the lips and gums 
nearly black and the skin as dark as if smeared with ink. 
Another sign of weak lungs is shown by the hectic flush on 
the upper part of the cheek, just over the malar bones; this 
flush is an indication of an abnormal condition of the bowel 
system, and is observed just where one sign for the bowel 
system is situated. 

The thoracic or lung system is dependent upon the normal 

action of the bowel system to provide nutrition — to supply 

the lungs with a sufficient quantity of blood of a suitable 

quality to keep them in normal action. If the bowels fail to 

19 



282 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

perform their share of work — fail to provide suitable mate- 
rials for the manufacture of blood — the lungs become impov- 
erished and decay; and the hectic flush denotes an abnormal 
condition of the bowel system, and that consequently the 
lungs have not received their right proportion of good blood 
to supply their necessities. 

A hollow or "scooped" nose — that is to say, a nose which 
is very low at the centre and lies nearly level with the plane 
of the face — is always accompanied by a weak stomach, or 
a tendency to such weakness. Hollow, retreating eyes, and 
depression of the orbits or surrounding parts, disclose a de- 
ficiency of power in the muscular system. If the bones of 
the forehead do not proaect well out over the eyes, the bony 
system is comparatively small; that is to say, it is small in 
proportion to the other systems in the body. If the sign for 
Weight be small, the individual will not be able to balance 
himself as well in walking, climbing, dancing, etc., as where 
it is found largely developed. A hollow in the centre of the 
forehead announces a weakness of that part of the memory 
which is devoted to the memory of events, facts, incidents, 
and biography. Memory has as many parts as there are fac- 
ulties. One may possess an uncommonly good memory .for 
names and not for dates, or a memory for colors and not for 
forms, a memory for tune and not for figures or time, or a 
memory for faces and not for names. Many forms of nerv- 
ous diseases weaken the general memory. Nervous shocks 
will sometimes impair the memory for names of things, for 
nouns and not for adjectives and the other parts of speech, 
thus proving that memory has almost infinitesimal subdivi- 
sions. 

Memory is far more complex and minute in its operations 
than is generally understood. The learned and ingenious 
Hooke is said, in his speculations, to have estimated "that 
the mind is capable of containing three thousand one hun- 
dred and fifty-five million seven hundred and sixty thousand 
ideas." Each of these ideas has its own memory, as a matter 
of course. I think this estimate underrates rather than 
overrates the divisions and capacity of memory. 



SIGNS OF- HEALTH AND DISEASE. 283 

The prevalent custom oi" the almost universal use of tobacco 
and alcoholic drinks is not only demoralizing the present 
generation, but is laying the foundation for a large increase 
of criminal and defective men and women in the next. 
Wherever we find the renal or kidney system constitution- 
ally defective, we shall be sure to find the moral nature cor- 
respondingly weak. The children born of drunkards have 
often very narrow, retreating chins, the first stage toward 
idiocy. Many, if not most, idiots show similar formation, 
and this indicates enfeebled moral perception and power. 
The reports of the superintendents for several Homes for 
Inebriates have fallen under my observation; on comparing 
them, I find that they are unanimously of the opinion ex- 
pressed by one of them, Dr. Haynes, of San Francisco; viz., 
that "in chronic cases of alcoholism, there is a general 
impairment of all the so-called moral faculties, and a corre- 
sponding increase of the animal instincts and nature." He 
also adds: "From our own observation, as a general rule, 
there seems to be a change in the very morale of the mind. 
All continuous mental effort soon becomes difficult or impos- 
sible; not only are the perceptions blunted, but the intellect- 
ual faculties and the reasoning powers are impaired. This 
tendency, which plays a very important part in the produc- 
tion of premature mental decay, has been attributed chiefly 
to three causes; viz., hypertrophy of the left ventricle, 
chronic disease of the kidney, and degeneration of the coats 
of the cerebral arteries." 

In the face of such evidence, I ask my readers what they 
think will be the mental and moral constitution of the chil- 
dren born of parents who are in the mental, moral, and phy- 
sical state of degradation above described. An enlightened 
and civilized community, it seems to me, should take steps 
to prevent such persons from becoming parents, or, rather, 
strike at the root of the evil by refusing to license the 
wholesale manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. This 
effort will probably be postponed until a true civilizing 
influence is mingled with our governmental affairs — until that 



284 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

portion of our citizens who are not stupefied with alcohol, 
and are not in the condition described bj Dr. Haynes, come 
to the rescue. Yet many men in this state of moral and 
mental demoralization become parents, and sit in the coun- 
cils of state, and are appointed by large majorities of their 
fellow-citizens to administer upon the life, estates, homes," and 
children of that other large class of citizens who could and 
would save the nation from such degradation and injustice 
if they were allowed the power. I refer to the women citizens 
of our country. Until that day arrives, we will continue to 
have children whose physiognomies tell the sad tale of the 
degrading habits of their progenitors; and nowhere is the 
sign for moral deficiency more defined than in the lack of a 
developed chin. This feature is the most distinctive which 
marks the difference between man and the next lower mam- 
mal — the ape — and also marks his superiority in the devel- 
opment of moral sensibility. 

In the light of the knowledge which this system of Physi- 
ognomy unfolds, how can the reader longer doubt the unity 
of the mind and body? — how can he longer doubt that they 
are part and parcel of a chain of causes which cannot, by any 
manner of metaphysical sophistry, be separated or divided ? 
The mind is the body and the body is the mind. Maudsley 
says that " when a man is insane, he is insane to the tips of 
his fingers;" and Emerson tells us that "a man finds room, 
in the few square inches of his face, for the traits of all his 
ancestors." Some of my readers may ask, If you make of 
the body and mind a unit, where, then, is the soul ? Do you 
not believe in a soul? — in a God? To this I must reply, 
first, that my individual belief would be out of place in a 
scientific work, which, as its name implies, is devoted to 
demonstrable fact; and, second, that it is no part of the 
scientist's work to treat of faiths which have only a docu- 
mentary evidence as a basis, and these very much distorted 
and changed by mistranslations. 

Bacon remarks that " sciences are facts generalized;" and 
if, in the great world of demonstrable fact and science, there 



SIGNS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. 285 

is not enough evidence of the existence of an almighty and 
an overruling Power, I do not know where one may go to 
find it. As to the existence, attributes, and locality of the 
soul, which many persons believe to be a part of the individ- 
ual existence, I can only say that I can give no scientific 
proof of it. What I believe on the subject might not be 
evidence; but of one thing I am convinced: that the Power 
that created all things has also the power to conserve the 
soul, which — since He has not given us the knowledge of its 
locality — it must be His especial province to take care of, 
and not ours. Let it be our duty to preserve in the highest 
state of purity, integrity, and efficiency the body and mind 
which He has given into our keeping, and I cannot but 
believe that the soul will be correspondingly pure and noble 
in His care. 

I think scientific physiognomy has demonstrated one thing- 
above all cavil or doubt; and that is, in order to be moral or 
religious (I here use the terms synonymously) one must seek 
to secure and perpetuate a healthful and balanced condition 
of the physical organs, or fail in this most important depart- 
ment of character. 

Some parts of the memory are affected and weakened by 
long continued catarrh; other divisions by nervous shocks; 
thus we see the importance of keeping the several parts of 
the body in repair if we would be mentally qualified to use 
our highest powers. The general memory, as I have shown, 
may be strengthened, impaired, or wholly obliterated by cer- 
tain physical conditions. It may be strengthened by a judi- 
cious use of it in the following manner: First, by a slow and 
deliberate perusal of whatever subject one desires to retain; 
afterward, by a careful review each night of the events of 
the day, week, or month. A few moments devoted to this 
exercise will produce a decided increase in the memorizing 
capacity. It may also be strengthened by the use of proper 
foods, and the non-use of stimulants in any form. Alcohol, 
and malt liquors, tea, coffee, pepper, and too much animal 
food, all tend to stimulate the mind; but all exalted and stim- 



286 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ulated conditions are sure to bring reaction, and this reac- 
tion will produce exhaustion of the nerve forces. Hence, it 
is apparent that this process called Memory, which, above 
and beyond all others, has been considered a purely mental 
function, is dependent for its power and sustenance upon 
dietetic and stomachic conditions. Another proof of this 
dependence is given us in the fact that a deficiency of color 
in the physiognomy, in the skin, hair, and eyes, is evidential 
of a weak memory. Now, if the stomach were supplied with 
suitable materials from which the right proportions of color 
could be extracted, and if the chemical action of the systems 
of the body which assist in the process of digestion and nu- 
trition were normal, and if the body received sufficient sun- 
light, the memory would be strengthened, and this "mental" 
process would be correspondingly improved. The habitual 
use of tobacco assists not only in changing the color of the 
complexion, but sometimes almost entirely obliterates the 
memory of colors, as well as other departments of memory; 
and this defect is intensified where this habit is hereditary, 
where grandfather, father, and son have been habituated to 
the constant use of this terrible poison. Not only is the 
color sense defective, and sometimes obliterated, but other 
physical functions and. mental faculties lose their normal 
power and vigor. The functions of secretion and absorp- 
tion are obstructed by the presence of nicotine (an active 
principle in tobacco); hence, the tissues are neither purified 
of their waste particles, nor are they rebuilt, in consequence 
of the lymphatics failing to perform their office. These 
glands are affected in such manner by the active poison of 
tobacco that normal action is impossible. The proof of this 
position will be better understood when it is shown that the 
color sense, or memory of colors, is very defective in men — 
far more so than in women. This arises principally from 
the fact that men are generally consumers of tobacco, while 
women seldom make use of it. The percentage of color- 
blindness in men as compared with the same defect in women 
is astonishing and almost surpasses belief. Had we not the 



SIGNS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. 287 

statistics of eminent and reputable physicians and scientists 
on this point, it would be incredible. 

Now, upon the integrity of the memory of color the lives 
of thousands of human beings daily depend; as, for exam- 
ple, in comprehending colored signals and lights on steam- 
ships and railroad trains; and as these positions are rilled 
exclusively by men, it is apparent that the safety of the trav- 
eling community is jeopardized by the use of a narcotic 
which destroys this most important department of memory. 
The facial signs of this defect are shown in the livid faces 
and the colorless, lustreless, and yellow hue of the eyes of 
those who are under the effect of the poison of tobacco. It 
impedes respiration, and thus decreases lung and arterial 
circulation; it weakens the digestion; it impairs the reason- 
ing faculties; it unmans the individual, producing a weakness 
of the moral sense the same as alcohol, and gives rise to 
timidity and irresolution in principles and practice; and all 
these defective conditions, when transmitted to posterity, are 
intensified and increased many degrees. It is one of the 
greatest obstacles to the march of civilization, inasmuch as 
society countenances the perpetuation of the race by those 
who are degraded and vitiated by the use of narcotics. If 
drunkards and tobacco consumers were prevented from trans- 
mitting their defective organisms, the advance of civilization 
would be most rapid. Au enlightened self-interest on the 
part of governments would seek to prevent such from inflict- 
ing their abnormal conditions upon the unborn, for I claim 
that they have rights which justice should accord; but, as I 
have elsewhere remarked, men stupefied and besotted are 
not masters of themselves, and should be coerced into regard- 
ing the rights of others by the strong arm of the law until 
such time as they become reasoning beings. 

The facial signs of the diseased conditions induced by the 

use of stimulants are almost too well known to need notice 

here; but as they are strong and convincing proof that all 

bodily or functional conditions are registered in the face, I 

^will state some of them. The reader will have no difficulty 



288 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in verifying these signs, for they are to be seen in every 
grade and phase of society. Bloodshot eyes, the white of 
the eyes turned yellow; full, puffed, and swollen cheeks, par- 
ticularly of the lower part, near the mouth; puffed appear- 
ance under the eyes; sunken eyes, inflamed condition of the 
entire countenance, but particularly of the cheeks, where the 
signs for digestion and the bowel system are located, thus 
disclosing the inflamed and abnormal condition of the digest- 
ive apparatus; swollen and purplish colored nose, exhibiting 
the perversion and blunting of all those fine qualities, the 
signs of which are located at the end of the nose. Human 
Nature, Ideality, Sublimity, Hope, Analysis, Constructive- 
ness, are all vitiated, and sometimes wholly obliterated, as 
we see by the conduct of the drunkard, from long continued 
use of alcoholic beverages. In the face of these facts, can 
any one doubt the reliability of the physiognomy as a re- 
corder of bodily conditions. The signs above described 
show, also, diseased liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, nerves, and 
brain, and the entire digestive apparatus. 

The eye shows many pathognomonic changes. If blood- 
shot, as is often seen in those who are habitual drunkards, 
it denotes cerebral and intestinal congestion. Where the 
whites of the eyes are very yellow, long continued biliary 
disturbance is indicated. Puffed appearance under the 
eyes tells of diseased kidneys. A mixed and mottled eye, 
where spots and specks of yellow, brown, black, and green 
are found intermingled, invariably denotes scrofulous ten- 
dencies, generally pertaining to the reproductive system or 
the kidneys; usually, both systems are affected where this 
appearance is observed. Where a large portion of the white 
of the eye is very perceptible under the retina while the eye 
is in its natural position and not cast upward, gluttony or 
inordinate lust is indicated. A sunken appearance of the 
orbit of the eye announces a deficient Muscular system, as 
does also a small eye. 

The facial sign of healthy and diseased conditions of every 
feature of the physiognomy has been treated of in this chap- 



SIGNS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. 289 

ter, with the exception of the upper part of the forehead. 
This part of the face requires no particular investigation as 
to health and disease. The upper part of the forehead has 
no movable or soft parts, and it is in those parts where 
expressions can be observed that diseased conditions are 
most apparent. The natural formation of the forehead, how- 
ever, denotes tendencies to healthful thought or to sluggish 
and stupid action, not only of the brain, but of the functions 
of the viscera. A forehead, the upper part of which shows 
a not too abrupt line of inclination from the eyebrows back- 
ward, discloses a common sense, mechanical, and rather 
quick motioned person. This formation accompanies the 
Osseous and Muscular systems; hence its practical and me- 
chanical ability. This combination of systems indicates 
quick, active persons both in their mental and physical 
powers, and this quickness results from an active arterial 
circulation and strong lungs. In this way we get the clue 
to the construction of the internal viscera, simply by the 
outline of the forehead. Comparative Anatomy is infallible 
in deciding character by form alone, and in this instance, as 
well as in all the indications in regard to character, we must 
rely upon comparisons made and proved. 

A forehead, the upper part of which is very full and pro- 
jecting forward and outward from the eyebrows, is evidential 
of a dreamer, a theorist, a slow, impractical person — one 
who must be helped by others, or do with little of this 
world's goods. This formation of the skull belongs, of 
course, to a body which corresponds in its build to the 
brain; that is to say, the secretions will all be slow in form- 
ing; the lungs, relatively small; the arterial circulation, 
consequently, not vigorous; and every movement of the body 
will necessarily be slow and deliberate. 

All these differences, and many others, can be predicated 
by observing just this portion of tne face alone, even if the 
entire body and the rest of the face were shrouded from 
view. When Physiology and Anatomy are taught thoroughly 
in our schools and colleges, the amount of useful knowledge 



290 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

they will render to the public will not be equaled by any 
other department of science. These studies, added to sci- 
entific Physiognomy, practically applied, would, in two gen- 
erations, go farther towards regenerating the world than any 
system of ethics of which I have knowledge. I hope that 
those mothers into whose hands this book may fall will 
commence to teach their children the meanings of the forms, 
colors, and features of those about them and those with whom 
they associate; the localizing part of the science and the 
forms, colors, etc., can be taught to children as easily as 
geography. The localizing of signs in the face is somewhat 
similar to descriptive geography, and far more interesting. 
The philosophical, or theoretical, part is for more mature 
minds. 

If time permits, I shall endeavor to write a primary work 
for school-children. I have been encouraged in this project 
by the solicitations of many eminent educators. In the 
meantime, parents and teachers can draw the attention of 
children to the subject, by asking them what they think 
is the meaning of certain forms of the nose, for exam- 
ple; and so on, of other features; and then proceed to ex- 
plain the meaning of natural formations, such as the arch 
representing superior power and strength wherever found; 
the beak of the birds of prey — the vulture, the condor, etc. — 
representing rapacity, love and power for overcoming, desire 
to acquire the resources of others, etc. Then take up the 
meanings of other formations of the nose — the scooped or 
flat nose, representing weakness; then proceed to the indica- 
tions and meanings of other features and colors. The ma- 
jority of children can thus be taught by special effort on the 
part of parents. My own children have learned a great deal 
of Physiognomy from hearing me discuss the science, without 
any attempt on my part to teach them; and, when quite 
young, could select suitable associates and companions by 
this knowledge. 

If Physiognomy were taught as a part of our educational 
curriculum, our children would be able, when they become 



SIGNS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. 291 

of marriageable age, to select suitable companions for mar- 
riage, both as regards physical powers and mental and moral 
characteristics, and thus be spared the great unhappiness 
which falls to the lot of many — I might say most — married 
couples. This is the result, mainly, of being unsuitably 
mated; this unsuitableness, in most instances, is caused by 
ignorance of the disposition and of the mental and moral 
character of each other. 

The interests of morality, true religion, and true civiliza- 
tion would be enhanced by the practical application of scien- 
tific principles to the reproduction of the race. Persons 
suitably mated — that is to say, harmoniously united in regard 
to the right combinations of forms and traits — would insure 
greater perfection in their children than if the whole matter 
of reproduction were left to chance and ignorance or inhar- 
monious conditions. I cannot conceive of a nobler ambition 
in a woman than the desire to be the mother of superior or 
perfected offspring, but the mother alone cannot achieve this 
result; the father, as well as the mother, must make himself 
amenable to righteous law — to hygienic law — if this result 
would be attained. I believe this ambition will be woman's 
some time in the future, and, by bearing less children and 
better ones, true progress will ensue. By this method, hu- 
manity and civilization will advance — the real, genuine civil- 
ization; not this wretched, barbarous, unjust, immoral con- 
dition of society which is with such supreme satisfaction de- 
nominated " civilization," but a higher, more just, moral, and 
truly religious grade of development will evolve in the order 
which the law of evolution or progressive growth dictates. 
This law can be assisted in its operation by the co-operation 
of man — by the exercise of his reason and moral sense; or, 
it can be retarded by the ignorant and superstitious. The' 
law of evolution can be traced by any observant person who 
will take time to consider the growth of organized beings 
and the progress of tribes, races, nations, and peoples, as 
recorded in animated nature and historical record. 

My idea of civilization would be shown in that condition 



292 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of humanity which seeks to make the laws of God the great 
aim of life. By this I mean that the laws of Nature should 
be practically applied in every department of life, to the 
domestic and social relations, to marriage, to hygienic liviDg, 
and the reproduction of the race, and in all ways that natural 
law can be applied to elevate the human family. The term 
"civilization," applied to the semi-barbarous condition from 
which we are slowly, yet surely, emerging, seems like a grim 
satire, and would be ludicrous did it not unfold an age of 
superstition, ignorance, immorality, injustice, and irreligioo. 



CHAPTER XII. 

HYGIENE. 

"Medical science is the art of amusing the patient while Nature performs the 
cure."— Voltaire. 

"Habits and the use and disuse of organs are certainly of the greatest impor- 
tance as efficient causes of organic form." — Haeckel. 

The resources of Nature are nowhere manifested in a more 
wonderful manner than in the variety and abundance of nu- 
trition which she offers to all organisms, whether of plant, 
animal, or human life. This abundance and variety give op- 
portunity for that natural selection which every kind of 
organism makes in sustaining and perpetuating its existence. 
The primal elements, in their natural and crude state, could 
not maintain man at all, but must pass through many chem- 
ical processes before they are suited to his state of exist- 
ence; but as they pass from one state to another in their 
upward march, they serve as uiitrition for other and lower 
forms of life. Man could not live on earth, air, and water 
alone; yet in these the plant finds its nourishment, although 



HYGIENE. 293 

for its use they must be purified and their essences extracted 
by the action of natural chemical laws. 

After plants have developed, then animals can take into 
their organisms as food the stalks and leaves, mingled with 
air and water. Man then uses the more refined parts of 
both plants and auimals, the fruits, roots, nuts, etc., and in 
many cases must still further refine his foods before they are 
fit to form part of his body by subjecting them to the fire, 
in boiling and roasting. Thus every part of the plant and 
animal serves to keep alive other organisms, and at the last 
the refuse falls to the ground to vivify the soil, and assist in 
producing other plants, which feed other animals and men; 
and thus the circuit of life is kept unbroken, one complete 
chain, commencing with air, water, and earth, and ending in 
air, water, and mineral substances — a perfect illustration of 
eternity. 

It is a well established truth that the natural surroundings 
of man control and create in a great degree his individuality. 
If these surroundings, in the aggregate acting upon his or- 
ganism, fashion and shape his mentality — his physical powers, 
sustain and nourish his blood, bones, nerves, muscles, and 
tissues of every sort whatsoever, it would seem possible to 
discover and separate the different influence and elements at 
work in forming him, and analyze their character and prop- 
erties. Hence, we must infer, if the origin of these elements 
can be ascertained, as well as the effects they produce upon 
man, that the destination of the several elements of creation 
and sustentation can be traced to the localities which they 
inhabit in his organism, and the exact parts which they each 
nourish and rebuild, and the kind of character each is in- 
strumental in creating; also, that as these elements give 
form, quality, and color, each according to its nature and 
power, it follows that man's character must be just as sus- 
ceptible of analysis and comprehension as are the materials 
and elements which, aggregated, compose his entire individ- 
uality. I claim that this can be known. My intention in 
this chapter is to teach how this can be discovered. A su- 



294 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

perficial observer or thinker may not succeed as well as one 
who has given many years to its investigation; still, with the 
assistance here rendered, a practical person will find his 
efforts crowned with success. 

CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS, 

as all physiologists know, supply warmth and heat. They 
also create fat, which covers most of the organs of the body, 
invades the several tissues, assists the skin in retaining the 
heat of the body, and keeps it up to its normal standard of 
temperature; but where fat is excessive in its development 
it impedes functional activity, shortens the breath, decreases 
the action of the heart, prevents rapid locomotion; in short, 
leads to abnormal action of the motive and circulatory pow- 
ers. All this induces love of ease, sensuality, carelessness, 
lack of intellectual vigor, and a preponderance of the domestic 
faculties, which are simply vegetative in their nature. This 
element, carbon, which in excess creates, induces, and sus- 
tains this class of character, is most easily traced from its 
original source in the atmosphere, by its action on plants, up 
to animal life; thence onward, after many transmutations, we 
find it situated in the organism of man, and creating the 
above mentioned type of physical and mental characteristics. 
In its normal proportions it adds to the comfort and useful- 
ness of man, giving warmth to his friendly and social nature, 
heat and force to his physical needs; but, in excess, leading 
to torpidity and inertia — in short, to abject laziness. This, 
in brief, is the course of this primal element, and its desti- 
nation and ultimate character. 

NITROGEN. 

Nitrogen is very different from carbon in its character and 
the localities which it affects. This element is found largely 
represented in our foods. After being incorporated in man's 
organism, it is found to be the chief constituent of the bones, 



HYGIENE. 295 

muscles, nerves, and brains. The phosphates derived from 
nitrogenous foods create and sustain the bones, nerves, teeth, 
and assist largely in the structure of the brain. Other parts of 
nitrogenous elements sustain the muscles, fibres, and fleshy 
parts of the body. Here we find this elementary principle 
located, and its character defined and understood. Nitrogen, 
after being organized in plants and animals, and lastly having 
become a part of man's organism, is shown to furnish those 
organs and. systems of functions, and consequently those 
mental faculties which are created by an excess of bone, mus- 
cle, brain, and nerves. The mental faculties and powers 
evolved and sustained by these organ-systems are mainly 
formative; like themselves, they represent size, form, color, 
and system; hence, they are instrumental in producing art, 
mechanism, literature, and science. 

OXYGEN 

is introduced into the system by means of the lungs, skin, 
and food, and assists in the combustion of those materials 
which serve to renew the worn out tissues, and also -those 
matters which are to be cast out as waste after having been 
burned in the body to furnish its heat. It is likewise in- 
strumental in maintaining the normal standard of heat in 
the system. Where we find an organism that inhales oxygen 
in excess, we observe certain organs and functions in more 
active operation than where there is a lack of this element. 
As oxygen creates heat by combustion, it produces color, 
and color shows heat and activity; and so we come to the 
conclusion that an excess of oxygen in the organism of man 
endows him with activity, warmth (by reason of activity), 
and color. 

The organs involved in the production of these phenomena 
are the lungs, skin, blood, and tissues generally, for the 
action of oxygen, where it is excessive, shows its effect in a 
general and very decided manner. It causes an increased 
development of the lungs (the inhabitants of mountainous 



296 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

regions are proof of this), heart, liver, and skin, as well as 
an increased activity and quality of the brain and nervous 
system. By reason of this excessive action in this class of 
organs, an increase in those mental faculties which these 
organs create and sustain is induced. 

To those who have never thought of relating mental facul- 
ties with physical functions, let me ask right here, Whence 
do they suppose that these faculties derive their power? 
One may answer, from the brain or nerves. That would be 
putting too much work on these already overworked organs. 
If the brain or nerves are competent to perform all these 
operations, what need is there for heart, liver, lungs, muscles, 
or intestines? The human body is the most perfect system 
of co-operative labor of which it is possible to conceive. 
Each part must perform its own work, and each receives its 
reward according as the work is well or ill done. If any 
part is badly performed, all suffer, but the chief sinner the 
most, which seems to the finite mind a just penalty. 

The mental faculties to which an excess of oxygen in the 
physical organs gives rise are, first, a high and active quality 
of brain and nerves; hope, ambition, cheerfulness, amiabil- 
ity, analytical power in art, mechanism, literature, science, 
and discovery; rapidity of thought and motion, purity of 
conduct, and elevated and lofty sentiments and desires. All 
this will plenty of oxygen give to the human family. It is 
most astonishing, in the face of the fact that so little pure 
air is inhaled in civilized communities, that people are as 
good and pure as we find them. But Mother Nature — mu- 
nificent dame! — is forever bringing forth from her capacious 
storehouse counterbalancing and remedial agents; endeavor- 
ing to bring up her family in such a manner that she can, 
some day, be just a little groud of her children; and "when 
she will, she will — you may depend on 't." 

HYDBOGEN, 

although one of the greatest requisites of life, when found in 
excess is a great detriment to the physical and moral equi- 



HYGIENE. 297 

libriuni of man, and, consequently, injurious to his mental 
and moral powers. The human organism is estimated to 
contain seventy-five per cent, of water. It enters into every 
part of man's system; even the enamel of the teeth, the hard- 
est substance in the body, gives out a small quantity of water 
under chemical analysis. Now, where there is so great a 
proportion of so unstable a material as water, one can readily 
reason that an excess of this element would be productive of 
a very unbalanced condition. It is well known that liquids 
tend to coldness and inertia, while solids give form, stability, 
and power. These different modes of action are inherent in 
the very nature of these two qualities; hence, we are forced 
to conclude that wher*e there is an excess of hydrogen or 
water in the system a cold, fluid, inert, incapable condition 
will be the result. We cannot entirely change the inherent 
nature of an element by changing its locality. Water will 
always be moist and shapeless wherever found, and can only 
assist by chemical action other elements in their architectural 
or formative efforts. It is entirely chemical in its action, 
and although it is so essential to life, and to all the operations 
of organic life, it does not tend directly or positively to form 
or shape any part of the organism, but acts negatively as an 
assistant of organic and chemical processes. Thus the char- 
acter which derives its power from an organism in which 
there is an excess of hydrogen or water will be negative, cold, 
calculating, passive; hence, will be disinclined to effort and 
prone to dishonesty. "For one must live," such reason, 
and, as they are disinclined to personal effort, they endeavor 
to subsist on the mental or manual efforts of others. They 
have the faculty of Calculation very large; this gives worldly 
planning as well as mathematical power. Gray-eyed people 
(that is, those who possess the whitish-blue eye) are great 
calculators. Such persons are cool in their feelings, made 
so by excess of fluids in the body. The parts of the organ- 
ism affected by excess of hydrogen are the tissues and the 
various fluids and humors. The eyes tell this condition very 
20 



298 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

well by the light color of the several humors which are In a 
fluid state. 

By thus tracing, analyzing, aud locating the four primal 
elements or constituents of man's body, we are able to say 
definitely which system of functions each element sustains, 
and from this we can tell to a certainty what mental faculties 
and manifestations they give rise to. The following table 
gives a condensed statement of the derivation of functions 
and faculties evolved by the action of the elementary princi- 
ples of Nature : 



Carbon produces inertia, sensuality, domesticity, ] # 

vegetative | 

f Chemical. 
Hydrogen produces fluidity, coldness, torpidity, j 

dishonesty J 

Oxygen assists formative efforts, activity, warmth, | . „„> 11 - +0 „ +livol 
ambition, purity, semi-mechanical f Arcnitecturai. 

Nitrogen creates forms, art, literature, mechan- j i^^i^^^-i „„ A t\/t„ +1 __„4.-„ i 
ism, science, mathematics \ Architectural and Mathematical. 



This analysis gives a correct statement of the elements 
from which human character derives its powers. Thus far 
has scientific demonstration taken us. It far surpasses in 
accuracy all of the meandering and meaningless metaphysics 
of the past ages, and puts to flight as well many theological 
speculations; for, as Oersted remarks, "The laws of Nature 
are the thoughts of God," and science is an exposition of 
these laws set in motion by the Infinite. Therefore, if we 
read them correctly, we must believe them and abide by their 
teachings. 

The science of the conservation of the vital forces of the 
body should rank among the first of the world, and colleges for 
the study of prevention of disease are now more needed than 
those institutions from which young fledglings called doctors 
are turned loose upon the world, to "practice" upon the 
poor victims of disease, who, not understanding the simplest 
physiological law, have become weakened by disorders which 
Nature, were she allowed full sway, could remedy. With the 



HYGIENE. 299 

advance of civilization many hitherto unknown ailments have 
appeared which baffle the skill of the most learned physi- 
cians, yet their origin is traceable, in nearly every instance, 
to flagrant violations of well known sanitary laws. The yel- 
low fever has been prevented by scrupulous regard to clean- 
liness. Cholera originates in filth and by ignoring commonly 
understood natural laws. Typhoid fever is also a preventable 
disease, the result of a total disregard of laws known to most 
persons. Foul air, imperfect drainage, and improper diet 
are the chief causes which en gender this disorder. With 
this knowledge of their origin, remedy, not prevention, seems 
to be the favorite method of disposing of these scourges. 

If our ministers of the gospel could understand religion 
as having its source and seat in the organic structure of the 
body, and would incorporate into their theologies a wise re- 
gard for sanitary laws, as Moses did, we might, by years of 
preaching on the subject, become a righteous and healthy 
people. Religion is not a theory of belief merely, related to 
a spirit in some mysterious and incomprehensible manner; 
but true religion should be taught as being related first to 
our physical functions, to our diet, to the air we breathe, to 
the manner in which we clothe ourselves, and to the scientific 
reproduction of the race, to the end that the mind may be 
capable of sound and lofty aspirations, and that our bodies 
may become "temples of the living God." 

The ancient idea of charms, incantations, and fetiches finds 
its analogue in the minds of many of the modern religionists, 
who, after preparing a meal, composed, let us say, of sour or 
heavy white flour bread, fat pork, soda biscuit, and strong 
coffee, ask a blessing on what has already been cursed in its 
preparation, by its palpable violation of the laws of digestion 
and hygiene which God has ordained to be observed in order 
to produce health. A few words spoken over an ill prepared 
meal cannot, even by the greatest amount of faith, cause the 
stomach to assimilate it and give forth healthful juices, to be 
converted into good, honest bone, brain, and muscle. No, 
reader — miracles do not take place in Nature; law, settled 



300 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and defined, is the will automatic in her domain. It is our 
duty to become skilled readers of this law, and to understand 
the meanings of the indications which are spread out before 
us in great abundance, not covered over nor concealed by 
mysterious devices, but everywhere endeavoring to make 
their meanings known; and, when we have succeeded in 
comprehending this law, we will (if we desire to be healthful 
and religious) put ourselves in intelligent obedience to it, 
looking to the natural operation of law for beneficent results, 
and expecting nothing from faith, mystery, or miracle. 

THE AIE WE BEEATHE. 

The. air we breathe is the first and most important constit- 
uent of our physical and moral well-being. We can exist for 
a long time on improper food, or even without any; but life 
cannot be prolonged beyond two minutes without a supply of 
fresh air, and death is instantaneous under certain atmos- 
pheric conditions. 

Since the discovery of ozone by Schoenbein, the knowledge 
of atmospheric laws, together with the powers and properties 
of the air we breathe, has progressed amazingly. Ozone, 
which was at first considered to possess health-giving prin- 
ciples, entirely beneficial in their action, has been proved, 
by experiments on animals by Dr. Eichardson and others, to 
possess the power to produce certain forms of disease where 
the ozone is in excess of the other constituents of the at- 
mosphere. In one instance mentioned by Dr. Eichardson, 
a room was loaded with this gas for the purpose of experi- 
menting on animals. "In the first place," says the doctor, 
"all the symptoms of nasal catarrh and irritation of the 
mucous membranes of the nose, the mouth, and the throat 
were rapidly induced; then followed free secretions of saliva 
and profuse action of the skin-perspiration; the breathing 
was greatly quickened, and the action of the heart increased 
in proportion. When the animals were suffered to remain 
yet longer in the room, congestion of the lungs- followed, and 



HYGIENE. . 301 

the disease called by physicians congestive bronchitis was 
set up. By further experiments, it was shown that these 
effects were developed more freely in the carnivorous than in 
the herbivorous animals;" thus showing it to possess greater 
powers of destruction to men, who are meat-eaters, than to 
the lower classes of animals, who subsist on vegetable diet. 
While ozone in excess in the atmosphere will repel cholera 
and other epidemics, it has the properties of originating the 
symptoms set forth in the foregoing experiment. 

This illustration serves to show us that this agent, like all 
the other forces of Nature, is both creative and destructive. 
Two of the chief gods worshiped by the Hindoos, Brahma 
and Siva, are called by them the Creator and Destroyer. 
These gods admirably typify the ruling principles throughout 
the material world. Who shall say that in the dim twilight 
of the far-off ages these principles and laws of Nature were 
not better understood than now, and their meanings set 
before the people under the symbolic form of the deities 
which represented them? But, as all symbolism and cere- 
mony tend to idolatry, and people soon turn to worship the 
symbol instead of the principle, it is not singular that the 
real meaning of these gods was lost in the fast increasing 
mystery and superstition. The naked truth is so much 
easier to comprehend than where it is veiled or hidden, es- 
pecially where it relates to Nature, and can be explained by 
"the operation of her laws. 

With this evidence before us of the destructive powers of 
certain constituents and conditions of the air, and of the 
deleterious effects of a lack of equilibrium in the atmosphere, 
we yet know that fresh, pure air is of the first importance to 
health. Yentilation is almost ignored in our public buildings 
and dwellings; indeed, many persons are afraid of the two 
greatest benefactors of the human family — air and water. 
Proper ventilation should be had in all buildings; it is the 
first and most important requisite of life, and should be our 
first consideration. A room is not ventilated unless there is 
a stream of fresh air moving through it, the means for which 



302 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

can be secured while building. Transom windows should be 
placed over all bedroom doors, and flues for ventilating 
should be built in the top and bottom of all other rooms — 
the lower flues to convey fresh air into the rooms; the upper 
ones to carry off the impure air. This can be done at slight 
expense. Such arrangement will prevent many diseases; 
bronchitis and consumption are both preventable; even when 
inherited, they can be eradicated in almost all cases. Dr. 
Marshall Hall says of the latter: 

' 'If I were seriously ill of consumption, I would live out- 
doors day and night, except in rainy weather or midwinter; 
then I would sleep in an unplastered log house. Physic has 
no nutriment; gasping for air cannot cure you; monkey 
capers in a gymnasium cannot cure, and stimulants cannot 
cure you. What consumptives want is pure air — not physic; 
pure air — not medicated air — and plenty of meat and bread." 

When we consider that, according to medical statistics, 
more persons die annually with lung complaints and con- 
sumption than with all other diseases combined, it should be 
an incentive to the greatest efforts toward thorough ventila- 
tion. No subject should be allowed to take precedence of 
this; neither food, bathing, clothing, nor exercise are as 
important as fresh air. It it the primal necessity of life. If 
one were to bathe in water in which a dozen persons had 
previously bathed, he would think that it was a filthy act; 
yet how many will sit for hours, perfectly content, in a public 
hall with hundreds of others, inhaling the effluvia from de- 
caying lungs, congested livers, inflamed stomachs (not to 
mention the odors of whisky and tobacco), and teeth putrid 
with decay, bathing their lungs in this putrescence with the 
utmost indifference; a suggestion of uncleanliness never, ap- 
parently, crossing their minds. 

THE FOOD WE EAT. 

In the matter of food, the practices and customs of our 
civilization are no whit better than our ventilation. Most of 
the food we partake of is medicated while in process of 



HYGIENE. 303 

preparation; yet the majority are as indifferent to this fact 
as they are to poisonous air; indeed, I think many do not 
regard as medicines the articles which are mingled with their 
daily diet. Soda, which is so commonly employed in cook- 
ery, is a drug, used sometimes as a remedy and for chemical 
purposes. It should be kept exclusively for these uses. 
Soda is found in the human system, it is true, but before 
entering the body it must become organized; that is to say, 
it should be taken only as it is found mingled in the juices 
of plants and in air and water. Taken in this way, it is 
productive of health. None of the components of the body 
should enter in their crude state, as in this form they are 
poisonous and detrimental, with the single exception of salt. 

The daily use of soda in food, as well as all forms of "bak- 
ing powders," injures the mucous lining of the digestive 
organs, weakening them and inducing various disorders. I 
would advise housekeepers to use it only for soap-making; 
combined with fat, it makes good soap; thus being of use 
instead of an injury. The fat of hogs should never be put 
in the human stomach; for, if fat and soda combined make 
soft-soap, what must be the condition of that stomach in 
which these two articles are daily mingled? The flesh of 
hogs is infested with a parasitic worm called trichina spi- 
ralis, which, if taken into the human system, as it sometimes 
is with pork, nearly always proves fatal. Pork is the most 
indigestible of meats, and should never be allowed in the 
diet of those who desire to live up to health principles. Pork 
is productive of scrofula and consumption, and no other meat 
will induce these diseases. Yeal is an immature article, and 
destitute of those juices which make the mature beef so 
nutritious; it is very indigestible and innutritious, and should 
be sedulously avoided. 

Fine white flour is another article which I believe annually 
leads thousands to the grave. In its preparation it is di- 
vested of all those elements (phosphates) which assist in 
building brain, the bony structure, the muscles and nerves. 
Lack of bone produces in the young the disease known as 



304 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

"rickets," as well as bow-legs and early decay of the teeth, 
and a poor, weak bony system generally. The fineness of 
the flour causes it to become impacted in the stomach, thus 
preventing the digestive juices from permeating it; causing 
dyspepsia, liver complaint, constipation, and other disorders 
follow in their train. No language is strong enough to con- 
demn the daily use of fine white flour. No mother should 
attempt to raise her children on any kind except the unbolted 
wheat or Graham flour. Fine white flour should be relegated 
to the medicine closet, to be used for poultices, burns, ery- 
sipelas, cholera, etc. In cases where the digestion has be- 
come impaired by the improper use of soda and other medi- 
cations, fine white flour bread acts remedially, soothing the 
injured mucous membranes. 

Every mother of a family should provide herself with a 
good hygienic cookery book, and with its assistance should 
be able to bring up her family healthfully, and with little 
trouble. 

Black pepper is another substance which should have its 
place with the drugs of a household, and not be used with 
food; it is highly indigestible, and inflammatory in its action, 
in many cases inducing disease of the stomach, liver, and 
kidneys. It is useful in treating the ailments of fowls, and 
is a good antiseptic; useful in preserving meats and fish 
from decay, in place of salt. 

Sugar in its concentrated state, as commonly used, is de- 
structive to health and life. I do not think it proper for use 
except as a remedy in certain wasting and exhausting ail- 
ments. As Nature has so judiciously mingled sugar with our 
foods in fruits and vegetables, we should be content to re- 
ceive it in that way. A healthy person should religiously 
abstain from its use in other forms. It is an absurdity to 
think we can improve upon Nature's fine chemistry, or that 
we can combine sugar as healthfully as we find it in fruits, 
etc. Gout, liver complaints, biliousness, headache, consti- 
pation, and kidney disorders are often induced and aggra- 
vated by a too free use of this condiment. Some mothers 



HYGIENE. 305 

say that their children caDnot eat their food unless it is 
sweetened. This arises from a cultivated habit. Had they 
not been accustomed to its liberal use, they would eat their 
food with a greater relish. Where the diet is simple, real 
hunger and keen appetite are the result, and there is no ne- 
cessity to coax the appetite with dainties. Hunger is the 
only safe guide. 

THE DBINKS WE CONSUME. 

If I were imbued with the zeal of Peter the Hermit, I 
would go forth upon a crusade against tea and coffee drink- 
ing, especially directed against the men and women of Amer- 
ica. The peculiarities of the climate of the New World, 
added to the nervous tendencies of its inhabitants, combine 
to render the free use of these beverages, as now indulged 
in, improper and unsafe for a race desiring good health con- 
ditions. Men, whose occupations are out of doors, can bet- 
ter stand the demands made upon the system by these stim- 
ulants, but they in time come to feel the injurious effects. 
For men of sedentary lives with in-door pursuits, for women 
and children, they are wholly inadmissible and should be 
avoided. 

Tea contains two elements which are very injurious; viz., 
tannic acid and a volatile oil. These are the constituents 
which produce the symptoms of sleeplessness and nervous- 
ness, and contribute to dyspepsia. If the tea be made </ 
quickly, and drunk without long steeping, these effects are 
not so observable. It is by allowing the tea to stand long 
that these elements are extracted. Aside from the injurious 
elements contained in tea and coffee, the application of the 
high degree of heat which is used in their preparation for 
consumption, and which comes directly in contact with the 
mucous membrane of the throat and stomach two or three 
times a day, has the effect to produce catarrh, bronchitis, 
and dyspepsia, and also weakens the flow of the saliva and 
secretions, thereby contributing to indigestion and chronic 
dyspepsia. The Americans are a race of dyspeptics and con- 



306 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sumptives, and catarrh is common. These disorders are all 
preventable, and are traceable in most cases to insufficient 
ventilation or improper diet. "Where consumptive tendencies 
are inherited, they can be counteracted in nearly every case 
by a solicitous regard for proper air, diet, water, clothing, 
and exercise. 

These subjects are coming to be regarded as sciences, and 
are receiving the thoughtful attention of those who have a 
religious regard for the body and mind. The average length 
of life is greater now than in the preceding centuries. The 
statistics of the life assurance companies and of the census 
returns prove this. It is most encouraging to know that what 
has been said and written of hygiene, and of the laws of life 
and health, has taken root in the minds of the people and is 
already bearing fruit. The tendencies of the age are toward 
a scientific consideration of man, and his nature and wants 
are being inquired into by anthropologists and scientists gen- 
erally, with the view of bettering his condition physically, 
and this of course will lead to his mental and moral uplift- 
ing. The stomach is our creator in one sense. Our happi- 
ness and welfare depends upon what goes into it; from it are 
produced the bones, muscles, brain, nerves, and tissues of 
the organism. It rests with us, therefore, to choose what 
kind of these constituents we will have. If the stomach of 
an individual is constantly stored with pork, fine white flour, 
soda, sugar, spices, tea, and coffee, he cannot expect to be 
either a very powerful or a very useful man. If, on the other 
hand, he subsists upon good beef, mutton, fish, eggs, grains, 
ripe fruits and vegetables, and milk, in the right proportion, 
and complies with the laws of ventilation, we have a right to 
expect both health and morality from him; I am convinced 
he will have all of these, and many more, good qualities. 

I cannot too strongly condemn the practice of tea and cof- 
fee drinking, for they bring horrors in their train differing 
only in degree from those produced by intoxicating liquors. 
How many noble women have been made peevish, irritable, 
and wretched by tea drinking ! — how many make the lives of 



HYGIENE. 



307 



their husbands, children, and friends barely endurable by 
this habit! I have known scores of cases of women, and 
and men too, completely unfitted for the prosecution of busi- 
ness by these two stimulants. Persons who have been ac- 
customed for years to their use find it hard to break off the 
habit, and, after many ineffectual trials, give up the trial and 
return to a life of misery. To such as desire to give up 
these drinks without too much suffering, I can prescribe a 
course which I have found very easy. In the first place, one 
accustomed to partake of hot drinks with his meals finds the 
change from hot to cold very hard to endure. I would ad- 
vise the use for a while, say for two or three weeks, of cocoa, 
broma, or shells, whichever suits the stomach best. After a 
few days the craving desire for the stimulating effects of the 
tea and coffee will cease. During these days give up as much 
as possible accustomed pursuits, and pass the time out of 
doors, or in something amusing. After this the desire for 
these stimulants will be scarcely felt. After a few weeks of 
the hot substitute, it can be discontinued without much in- 
convenience. Very little drink should be taken with the 
meals; if one had not been habituated to it from childhood, 
it would never be wanted, and the salivary glands would be 
much stronger by depending entirely upon them for a sol- 
vent. In this respect the animals surpass man; they drink 
either before or after eating. No man who has a proper re- 
gard for his cattle will offer them drink at their meals. In 
this respect he uses better judgment with his horses than he 
does in the care of his children. 

If all inflammatory substances were kept out of the stom- 
ach, the demand for liquids would not be so urgent. Very 
little liquid is needed for health, unless one is engaged in 
such labors as create great thirst and perspiration, for nearly 
all the food we eat — fruits, vegetables, grains, fish, and 
meats — contain a large percentage of water. One reason 
why we have so many drunkards is that the food commonly 
used upon our tables is so filled with drugs, spices, pepper, 
soda, sugar, and other heating ingredients, that an unnatural 



308 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

thirst is set up, which is not satisfied or allayed with natural 
and simple liquids. The use of mustard and ginger in foods 
no doubts leads to drunkenness by inflaming the coats of the 
stomach, thus creating an unnatural heat and thirst. These 
articles are medicines, not foods. The effect which is pro- 
duced by a paste composed of either of them, and applied to 
the skin, should be most conyinging proof of their unfitness 
for daily use with food. Truly said the wise man, "There is 
death in the pot." 

Many persons complain that they cannot use milk, and yet 
milk is a natural food, and there is no reason why we may 
not use it freely if the stomach be kept in proper and normal 
condition. The stomach must be pure in order to assimilate 
milk. This beverage can be used only with certain articles 
of food, and especially by those inclined to be bilious, unless 
they conform to hygienic law. That all can use milk is proved 
by the fact that all have subsisted on it alone during infancy. 
The reason why it did not then disagree with them is because 
it was unmixed with the articles which they now use. Milk, 
wheat, and oatmeal are the only articles of food that supply 
every part of man's organism with every element for its per- 
fect sustenance. As milk includes all the elements for man's 
healthful development, one may readily reason from this that 
it requires very little in combination with milk to sustain a 
healthful equilibrium; therefore, if we contemplate using 
milk as part of our diet, it is necessary to dispense with 
many articles that would be used without it. Milk taken in 
connection with various articles of food will produce violent 
sickness, and sometimes death. One of the celebrated Eavel 
family of pantomimists died in consequence of eating a lob- 
ster salad washed down with a glass of milk. In hot coun- 
tries especially it is dangerous to use milk with shellfish, or 
fish of any kind. Milk and meat together are manifestly 
improper, and were forbidden to be used together by that 
great sanitary law-giver, Moses, who wrote, "Do not seethe 
the kid in the mother's milk." Milk used with ripe fruits, 
grains, or vegetables is most digestible and nourishing. 



HYGIENE. 309 

Most cooked foods should be eaten moderately warm — 
never hot. The high temperature injures the mucous lining 
of the whole digestive apparatus, and by increasing the flow 
of perspiration renders the skin more susceptible to chills 
and colds. The habit of eating hot food creates a desire 
for liquids, and thus one bad habit leads to another. These 
can all be remedied by commencing to check the first one, 
and the others will mend themselves. If one ceases to cre- 
ate a demand, the supply will fail. The celebrated French 
physician, Desmoulins, while lying on his death-bed, sur- 
rounded by his friends, who were lamenting his loss, and 
grieving that they should never have so great a physician, 
replied to them, "I leave behind me three greater physicians 
than I — diet, water, and exercise." He was right; for these 
agents are not only remedial, but preventive and health giv- 
ing. The artificial mode of living at present pursued makes 
a change of diet imperative if we would preserve the race 
from deterioration. Fifty ■ years ago in this country nearly 
every person worked sufficiently to maintain health and 
strength; even children had their allotted tasks, which not 
only contributed to their bodily health, but served to render 
them more self-reliant and responsible in character. Then a 
hearty diet of meat* could be indulged in by all with impu- 
nity. Now the conditions of life have become changed en- 
tirely. Sedentary life is the custom of large numbers of our 
population, both in cities and country. It is manifest that 
the same food which would be necessary in a stirring, active, 
out-door life would be burdensome to the system under just 
the opposite conditions. With sedentary habits, a light and 
nourishing diet, not too hearty, would suggest itself as suit- 
able; on the other hand, for an active out-door laborer, a 
diet containing material more highly charged with carbona- 
ceous matter would be demanded. The foods which supply 
the greatest amount of nutrition would seem to be the most 
appropriate to the more energetic classes of society. Now, 
carbon and nitrogen are the most essential elements of our 
diet; these are found in greater proportions in oatmeal, 



310 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

wheat, beans, peas, cheese, and cornmeal, than in a corre- 
sponding weight of meats or fish. Unbolted wheat flour 
contains nitrogen and phosphorus, both highly conducive to 
the hygienic equilibrium of the body; yet in the sifting 
process (as is used in fine white flour) some of the most im- 
portant elements are almost entirely eliminated. Thus it is 
seen that the unnecessary refining of foods takes from them 
their most valuable constituents, and that part of the wheat 
which would assist materially in nourishing the brain, bone, 
and muscle, is thrown to the animals, and we really consume 
the waste; that is, the least valuable part of the grain. A 
mixed diet of meats, fish, grains, vegetables, and fruits, 
cooked thoroughly, and without medicinal admixtures, as is 
the universal custom in America, would be the best diet for 
hard-working people, with milk and eggs added; but for 
those pursuing an in-door vocation, meats (except in small 
quantities) should be avoided, as too heating and stimulating 
to the system, and requiring more work for the digestive ap- 
paratus than should be put upon it, thus taxing the nervous 
system, and causing irritability and sensitiveness of nerves 
already predisposed to undue activity by too much seclusion 
from the open air. 

Such, in general, are the rules to be observed in diet. 
Each individual must consult his own system in regard to the 
quantity of food to be taken. As a rule, far more food is 
consumed by the majority of people than is required by the 
necessities of their existence, and thus much is left for the 
several systems of functions to struggle with. As they are 
not able to appropriate all that is taken, and not having the 
power to expel the excess from the body through its natural 
channels, various disorders, such as fevers, intervene an4 
burn up the waste material which the overloaded body has 
struggled in vain to dispose of. In this case, fever is a ben- 
efactor; fevers, properly treated- on a common sense and hy- 
gienic plan, and the system not clogged and hindered by 
drugs, often produce a change for the better in one's health, 
and the patient rises from a course of fever with redoubled 
strength and energy. 



HYGIENE. 311 

Most persons have become so accustomed to the use of 
meat daily that they imagine they would perish were they to 
discontinue it. Let such reflect that the peasantry of Ire- 
land live almost exclusively on potatoes, oatmeal, and "butter- 
milk, and this, too, in agricultural districts, where their 
habits are active and out-of-door employment the rule. No 
healthier class of people come to this country, and yet after 
a few years they are afflicted with all the complaints common 
to our own people. This results from their adopting our 
forms of living, particularly the daily use of meat, which 
many of them have told me they could obtain only at Christ- 
mas and Easter, twice a year. Their simple diet of potatoes, 
oatmeal, and buttermilk is found sufficient to sustain life, 
with the most robust health under severe toil, and to assist 
materially in longevity. If this be the case, as it indisputa- 
bly is, cannot our sedentary population become stronger and 
more healthful by refraining from the daily use of a flesh 
diet? It is sometimes tried by those who feel the need of a 
radical change in their health conditions. At first, a feeling 
of languor supervenes, and the experiment is discontinued 
because it is thought that the sensation of lassitude is the 
result of insufficient nourishment. This is not the case. 
Meat, like many other articles used commonly, is stimulating, 
and in dispensing with its use one feels at first the lack of 
the accustomed stimulus, just as the tea-drinker or the dram- 
drinker does, although not to such an extent. The trial is 
not continued long enough, perhaps, or it may be that the 
best substitutes do not replace the meat, such as unbolted 
flour, milk, and fruit; hence, weakness is the result and the 
experiment discontinued, and the hygienic system of living- 
is pronounced impracticable and detrimental. 

I visited, one summer, a farmer's family in Connecticut, 
where the daily diet the year round was composed of salt 
pork, boiled or fried, dried or salted beef, fine flour bread, 
saleratus biscuit, cakes, pies, pickles, and preserves, with 
tea and coffee (with deleterious mixtures) three times a day, 
a few vegetables, and not many fruits; they did not think 



312 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

them worth the trouble of raising. The mistress of the 
house, a pious lady of about fifty years of age, was troubled 
every three or four weeks with a bilious headache, so severe 
as to confine her to her bed, in a state of partial blindness, 
for several days at a time. She believed it was the "will of 
God " that she should be so afflicted, and therefore wholly 
incurable. She stated that she had taken dozens of boxes 
of pills for it without relief; that her mother had had it 
before her, and she expected that it would result in death. 
She was also dyspeptic, and troubled with eructation of gas, 
great indigestion, and weakness of the entire system. She 
had, in consequence, become so impoverished by non-assim- 
ilation of food that it had led to hemorrhage of the lungs. 
I saw immediately that her diet was the cause of all her 
sufferings; I explained my ideas to her, and showed her that 
she could be easily cured by food alone; and, as I could not 
submit to her style of living, fresh meats were ordered from 
the town, and fruits, also. The tea and coffee, pork, pies, 
cakes, salt beef, and preserves were discontinued, and soups, 
fresh meats, fruits, vegetables, unbolted wheat flour, milk 
(which she could not previously drink), and eggs, were sub- 
stituted. In two weeks the indigestion had ceased, the 
strength improved, hope was restored (owing to the renewed 
activity of the liver); the headaches which she had suffered 
from for forty years disappeared after a month's change of 
diet, and did not return during the summer, while she con- 
tinued this course of living; but, after I left for home, the 
family fell back into the old routine, and I learned that all 
her former symptoms had returned. 

Now, here was a family possessed of all the essentials of 
hygienic living, except fruits, which they might have bought 
or cultivated, committing slow suicide — leading a life of suf- 
fering, wholly unnecessary and entirely preventable. There 
was not one of the family in perfect health, notwithstanding 
that they had the purest atmosphere, plenty of out-door 
exercise, and were highly religious — that is to say, theologi- 
cal; for I cannot consider anyone religious, in its natural and 



HYGIENE. 313 

highest sense, who lives in defiance of the laws of God as 
revealed to us by the laws of digestion and hygiene. Instead 
of reading good books on these subjects, and applying their 
laws to make themselves moral, healthy, and truly religious, 
they passed their leisure in praying over most wretched food, 
believing that that course would surely " bless" the food to 
them — food already cursed by its unfitness for human stom- 
achs. To such a pitch of demoralization had generations of 
this sort of diet brought this family, that not only had phy- 
sical degeneracy been the result, but in several instances the 
children of this woman had become so thoroughly corrupt 
that one died of delirium tremens, one of a nameless dis- 
order, another practiced self-abuse until idiocy supervened, 
and the father died of drunkenness. 

Now, these people had been devout Christians for genera- 
tions; there had always been prayer in their home, and at 
church they had been regular attendants. They lived remote 
from a city with its excitement and bad influences. Yet, as 
I have shown, the improper diet led to unnatural thirst, and 
the system craving and consuming intoxicating liquors in 
large quantities, led to heated and abnormal condition of the 
reproductive system; and thus one abuse led to another, 
until this praying, religious family became as low and de- 
moralized as those who had never heard prayer, preaching, 
or the name of God. There are thousands of just such 
Christians, who lose the principle and observe only the 
symbol or form. I often thought, as I listened to the well- 
meaning minister who, every Sunday, expounded the "word 
of God" to these people, and who dwelt so earnestly upon 
the terrible condition of the lost tribes of Israel, if he had 
dwelt as untiringly on the lost condition of the perishing 
sons and daughters of Connecticut, he would have succeeded 
in building up a religion which would have brought regen- 
eration down to a scientific demonstration, and the devil, 
even, whom he preached about, might have assumed a fairer 
hue had he been seen through eyes not jaundiced with bile 
or weakened by dyspepsia. 
21 



314 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Our country is peopled with families who, with rare excep- 
tions, have the means of providing themselves with a hygi- 
enic diet and surroundings. Many farmers' families, as in 
the instance above noted, do not use their buttermilk, but 
throw it to the hogs, and the bran of their wheat to the hogs, 
horses, and cattle, thus depriving themselves of the best 
elements of their productions. The buttermilk has, as one 
of its constituents, lactic acid, which is highly conducive to 
health and longevity. The bran contains the phosphates by 
which the brain, nerves, and muscles are sustained. This 
course is not only destructive to health, but expensive, es- 
specially if for the buttermilk tea and coffee are substituted, 
and sugar, spices, and other costly condiments are used in 
place of the bran of the flour. These do not yield nourish- 
ment, but assist in clogging the system, thus inducing various 
diseases, rendering the services of a physician necessary. 
This, with the loss of business which sickness entails, to- 
gether with the numerous incidental expenses consequent on 
illness, and, above all, the suffering of body and mind, all 
combined, ought to furnish us a lesson which should teach 
us the value of strict obedience to the laws of hygiene, which 
are the laws of God. A life-long and daily study of scientific 
works should be the aim of all; a single chapter read night 
and morning would, in a short time, add much to one's 
knowledge on subjects of the first importance to us. Works 
devoted to an analysis of foods and drinks — also, to the 
components of the several parts of the body, and of different 
kinds of nourishment requisite to sustain the operations of 
the several systems within the body, and which assist its 
normal action — should form part of the library of every fam- 
ily desiring to lead godly or religious lives. 

HOW TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN EQUILIBRIUM 
IN THE SEVERAL FUNCTIONS. 

This system of Physiognomy simplifies very materially 
the process of building the body upon scientific principles. 
In the first chapters of this work, a description of the sys- 



HYGIENE. 315 

terns which indicate the division of the human body into the 
Chemical, Architectural, and Mathematical, was given, and 
it was there shown which distinct powers each of these di- 
visions includes. So by learning what elements of food are 
required for the sustenance of each part of this division, it 
is easily seen that this simple and scientific arrangement pro- 
vides a way by which, through the harmonious and grand 
correspondence of Nature's laws, the form of the body can 
be under the almost complete control of the individual, and 
that any deficiency in either division of the organism can be 
remedied by using those elements which chemical analysis 
has taught us are the sustainers of the several systems in- 
cluded in the human body. 

The four ruling elements found in all organisms and plants 
designed for the food of both man and animals are found to 
be composed, first, of nitrates, or those elements which tend 
directly to the maintenance of the muscles and fleshy mem- 
branes; second, the phosphates, which sustain the bones, 
brain, and nerves; third, the carbonates, which produce an- 
imal heat and force; and fourth, water, which acts as a dilu- 
ent, and conveys the several materials to the various parts of 
the body, and forms three-fourths of the weight of the body. 

The following estimate of the proportions of food suited 
to the daily requirements of the laboring man is given by 
Dr. Albert J. Bellows in his work entitled <c Philosophy of 
Eating," which I advise all my readers to peruse. He re- 
marks : 

"The daily requirements are fi.\e ounces of solid nitrates 
for the muscles, twenty to twenty-two ounces of the carbon- 
ates for animal heat, two or three per cent, of phosphates 
for bones and for nervous power, with waste and water to 
give it bulk, and acids to eliminate effete matter from the 
blood through the liver, and this food must be so prepared 
and cooked as to be eaten with a relish, and not too easily 
digested." 

These proportions of the four essential elements are based 
on the proportions of the same elements found in wheat; 



316 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

that is to say, in the whole grain; for wheat is acknowledged 
by all chemists to be the model food among solids, and milk 
as the model among fluid foods. In order to keep in repair 
the muscles and fleshy membranes of the body, foods con- 
taining an excess of nitrates must be used. These foods 
are wheat, oatmeal, cheese, lean meats, beans, peas, southern 
corn, fish, green vegetables, and fruits. Where carbona- 
ceous food is needed — that is to say, where it is found neces- 
sary to assist respiration and animal heat or warmth, such as 
fat furnishes to the system — then a diet composed of those 
articles in which starch, sugar, fat, and oils abound, must be 
used. The carbonaceous elements predominate in buck- 
wheat, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, carrots, beets, parsnips, 
all fat. meats, butter, lard, sugar, fat pork, fine white flour, 
and fishes abounding in oil. The phosphates needed for the 
bones, brain, and nerves are found in unbolted wheat, oat- 
meal, and in those fishes which have the least fat, in beans, 
peas, lean meat, and southern corn, and in acid fruits and 
succulent vegetables. 

HOW TO MAINTAIN EQUILIBBIUM OF THE BODY 

AND MIND. 

To maintain equilibrium in the three divisions of the hu- 
man system, where inherited quality has created a healthy 
balance of the various powers, a judicious mingling of these 
elements is necessary. Dr. Bellows gives the proportions 
for healthful equilibrium as follows, based on the component 
proportions of wheat, the model food. He says : 

"It will be seen that in ordinary circumstances of temper- 
ature, muscular and mental exercise, etc., the proportions 
required are about fifteen per cent, of the nitrates, or mus- 
cle-making elements, to sixty-five to seventy per cent, of the 
carbonates, or heat-producing elements, and two or three per 
cent, of phosphates, or food for brain and nerves, or a little 
more than four times as much carbonaceous food as nitrog- 
enous, and seventeen or eighteen per cent, of waste and of 
water." 



HYGIENE. 317 

The waste part contained in the bran of wheat is needed to 
assist in digestion; also, the waste in fruits and vegetables — 
that is, the fibres. 

These proportions must be changed to suit inharmonious 
developments of the body. Where the bony system is weak, 
or where the brain is too much exercised, then a larger pro- 
portion of foods containing nitrates and phosphates must be 
added to the diet. If, on the other hand, more fat or animal 
warmth is required to sustain the heat of the body, and to 
round out and cover up the bony system, then more food 
containing the carbonaceous elements will be demanded. If 
the liver is not sufficiently active, then acid fruits must be 
used in excess, and fats, oils, sugar, and fine white flour be 
entirely* dispensed with. 

Thus, by a few simple changes in the articles of food, we 
can create great changes and improvements in our physical 
and moral natures. I do not say that a fine mechanic can be 
formed from one in whom the chemical or vegetative system 
predominates, or that a genius can be created by an excess 
of phosphatic food; but a change of diet will modify this 
system and form very materially, as well as all other forms, 
and the health and usefulness can be enhanced and longer 
life insured by accommodating the food to the conditions re- 
quired. The generations following will also reap the benefit. 

HOW TO KEDUCE THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM. 

Where predisposition to accumulate fat has been strength- 
ened by generations of cultivation, very great effort will be 
needed to change the condition. This can be done by a per- 
sistent course of diet without weakening the system; on the 
contrary, it will be strengthened by thus doing. William 
Banting, a corpulent Englishman, has published a pamphlet 
in which he gives directions how to reduce the size without 
impairing the strength or health. He reduced his own weight 
from two hundred and two to one hundred and fifty-six pounds 
by abstaining from extra heavy carbonaceous foods and from 



318 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the use of milk, sugar, beer, potatoes, and heavy wines, 
using only beef, mutton, poultry, veal, and all vegetables ex- 
cept potatoes, beets, and parsnips. He used claret and 
sherry wines for drink. I would advise abstinence from 
liquids and liquid foods, in order to reduce the bulk of the 
Vegetative system. Those possessing this system and form 
in excess will gain bulk on a liquid diet alone. An exclusive 
diet of raw fruits, except apples and bananas, will reduce 
bulk rapidly. 

HOW SELFISHNESS, IMMORALITY, AND DISHON- 
ESTY ARE INDUCED. 

Where the lungs are relatively small the blood will be in- 
sufficiently oxygenated in the process of respiration, and, as 
a consequence, the fat of the blood will be deposited in the 
cellular tissues. If the liver become overburdened or inac- 
tive, or the skin allowed to become defective in its action 
through lack of bathing, or in any way, then fat will be ac- 
cumulated. The nostrils of almost all excessively fat per- 
sons are very small, and such should live much out of doors, 
and take exercise calculated to increase the size and activity 
of the Thoracic system. The constant use of alcoholic stim- 
ulants impedes respiration, and thus causes fatty depositions. 
Too much sleep will produce the same result; also, gluttony 
and inaction of the Muscular system. The too free use of 
carbonaceous foods induces an inert condition of the entire 
organism, as well as an immoral organization, for an excess of 
carbon is the dominating element in the Vegetative system. 
This system, as has been seen, exhibits far less of moral 
strength and power to resist immoral tendencies and tempta- 
tions than either of the other four systems; viz., the Tho- 
racic, Muscular, Osseous, and Brain systems. 

I cannot but condemn in the strongest terms the univer- 
sally wholesale use of sugar, which is almost pure carbon. 
To its too free use I ascribe much of the present state of dis- 
honesty, immorality, and lax principles so prevalent in every 



HYGIENE. 319 

grade of society. No form of belief can neutralize the effect 
of this condiment as it becomes incorporated into the body 
and mind, for it cannot affect one without affecting the other. 
No intellectual process or belief in any dogma can cast it out, 
or prevent it from influencing the morals according to the law 
of Nature which punishes excess in every form, in spite of 
our opinions on any subject. 

It is excess which produces unhealthful conditions. A 
man may become so muscular by training as to induce seri- 
ous disorders. Nearly all athletes and acrobats are short- 
lived, because they develop one set of functions at the ex- 
pense of the others. Thus of every system composing the 
body. It is equilibrium, or a balanced condition, which as- 
sists Nature in doing her perfect work. It is excess which 
hinders her and thwarts her beneficent operations. 

WHAT KEGIMEN STRENGTHENS THE BRAIN AND 

NERVES. 

The brain can be strengthened by using an excess of phos- 
phatic foods. These foods will not create mental giants, but 
will give the brain more power than carbonaceous foods. 
The circumstance of inherited quality is a substantial and an 
abiding condition, and in order to have talent or genius it 
must have been inherited. Afterward, talent, as well as 
physical qualities and conditions, may be modified, strength- 
ened, or weakened, according to the conditions of life sur- 
rounding the individual. In these changes and modifica- 
tions food is a most potent factor. 

Another important influence upon health, and inducing 
longevity, is mental employment. A due degree of mental 
application assists in maintaining healthful equilibrium of 
the entire organism. Many of our most distinguished litter- 
ateurs, both male and female, have lived to an advanced age, 
and some of them were most industrious thinkers and writers 
up to the time of their demise. Mental labor lifts the weight, 
if I may so express it, from the body, and rests the purely 



320 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

physical powers. Every person should give some time to 
brain culture and expansion, if health and happiness be de- 
sired. The sad effects of physical drudgery, unrelieved by 
mental relaxation, are shown by the statistics of lunatic asy- 
lums, from which we learn that farmers and farmers' wives 
form a larger percentage of the inmates than any other class 
of society, the wives of farmers showing a larger percentage 
than any other. The reason is found in the monotony of 
their lives, which are far more secluded than those of their 
husbands, with but little out-door occupation to aid health, 
and little mental occupation. In California, a large propor- 
tion of sheep-herders become insane; the monotony of their 
existence is intensified by a total lack of all relaxation, either 
social or mental. Their stolid, unintelligent faces are proofs 
of the relations existing between mental conditions and th'e 
physiognomy. 

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE BODY. 

I have written nothing in this chapter on the injurious ef- 
fects of alcoholic beverages. Tabulated statements of the 
effects of alcohol upon the human mind and body are un- 
necessary here. The sorrow, destitution, depravity, and 
physical demoralization it causes stare us constantly in the 
face. Every family in the land suffers in some way from its 
blighting power. No one is ignorant of the effect of this 
gigantic curse. Warnings against the habitual use of alcohol 
have never been wanting since the first drunkard left his or- 
phans to the cold charity of the world. "Words have accom- 
plished little toward abolishing the use of the greatest evil 
in our land. Nothing short of combined action through 
legislation will ever reach and put down this monster. This 
action must come from those who are not under the power of 
its demoralizing effects, whose brains are not confused by its 
operation, whose moral sense is not perverted by its use. 
This action must come through the personal efforts of those 
who are the chief sufferers by its legalized sale — I mean pure 



HEREDITY. 321 

women. Men who are permeated with its effects are not' 
capable of either resisting its power or of assisting in its 
abolition, and we need not look to that part of society for 
moral reform. Woman is destined to be the saviour of the 
race. Her opportunity will come, and she will use it grandly, 
nobly; and the demon Alcohol will some day be throttled by 
the delicate fingers of the women of the land by the help of 
the little silent ballot. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

HEKEDITY. 

" A man finds room in the few square inches of his face for all the traits of 
his ancestors." — Emerson. 

"Every birth is a hygienic regeneration. The constitutional defects which de- 
generate parents transmit to their offspring are modified by the bequest oi an older 
world." — Oswald. 

"Ye cannot gather grapes from thorns nor figs from this- 
tles," said a wise and observant man long ago. A correct in- 
terpretation of Nature will prove that like begets like. We 
should have as great a variety of fruits as we have of human 
beings if we as constantly grafted new scions upon young 
trees that were as diverse in character as the men and women 
who intermarry. The law of inherited quality and character 
is perhaps the most difficult and complex part of propagation 
to investigate and prove. Stock-breeding on scientific prin- 
ciples, as it has been and is now being practiced on an ex- 
tended and intelligent scale, will go far toward enlightening 
us as to the methods employed and the laws observed in im- 
proving the various races of animals which are under culti- 
vation. 

These same laws put in operation will produce similar re- 
sults in mankind, for man is an animal not many degrees 



B22 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

^removed from the next lower mammal; and when humanity 
is sufficiently developed in wisdom, justice, and true religion, 
we shall be able to improve the race upon scientific princi- 
ples, and create higher types of men and women on a basis 
which shall bring forth more perfect specimens, and more 
satisfactory results, than are now produced under the instinc- 
tive method, which is the only one employed by man and ani- 
mals, except in those cases where men use their reason in the 
selection of animals for the purpose of improving them by a 
judicious mingling of forms and faculties. 

The inherited nature of man is a more potent factor in his 
life than all the education he can possibly receive. If an 
individual is born of a loug line of ancestry who were moral 
and intelligent on both sides, the probabilities are that he 
will partake of their nature. If a child is born of a race 
who have lived by lying and thieving, the chances are that 
he will lie and steal with facility and ingenuity. Parents 
often wonder why their children are like neither of them, 
thinking that all children must resemble one or the other of 
their parents. This ignorance is a proof of how little they 
have thought on the subject of the reproduction of the race, 
and shows also that they do not understand the simplest law 
or principle in connection therewith. While a man will 
make great efforts to trace the pedigree of a horse which he 
is about to purchase, and insist that it shall be free from 
vices and bad blood, he will at the same time take a woman 
in marriage without even inquiring whether her parents or 
grandparents were insane, scrofulous, epileptic, consump- 
tive, or idiotic. If the results of his marriage should prove 
disastrous, and a family of foolish, scrofulous, or vicious 
children make their appearance, he will, if he be a religious 
man, attribute this dire calamity to "the will of God," and 
state that for a "wise and inscrutable purpose" He has been 
pleased to visit him with this affliction, never for a moment 
endeavoring to trace these effects to their cause. Not so 
would this same man reason if the horse turned out contrary 
to expectations. He would accuse the dealer of dishonesty, 



HEREDITY. 323 

and would know that the pedigree of the horse was not as 
represented, and that its parentage was vicious and of bad 
blood. So blinded by superstition and ignorance are many 
men that they cannot understand the laws of scientific breed- 
ing in regard to the rearing of children, yet are willing to 
admit their influence in the breeding of cattle. 

Ignorance and selfishness are constantly reproducing their 
own types, and to that extent do these two traits enter into 
marriage that I am surprised at the number of decent people 
there are in existence. Ignorance is in some sort an excuse, 
but in these days of general scientific knowledge some indi- 
viduals are responsible for the miserable failures in the form 
of children which one finds in every community. Selfishness 
must be the ruling motive, since men knowingly perpetuate 
vicious and sickly types, simply to gratify themselves in the 
posession of a certain woman, or for mercenary motives. I 
am informed that a certain honorable senator of one of our 
4Vestern States had born to him several children by an in- 
sane wife after she had been pronounced incurable. I fail 
to see "the will of God" in such conduct. It is a defiance 
of God's laws — therefore of His will. It is an outrage on the 
innocent victims of man's selfishness, and on a community, 
which, if it were sufficiently imbued with a knowledge of 
natural law, ordinary kindness, or proper sense of justice, 
would make laws preventing improper types from perpetuat- 
ing their abnormal organisms, thus protecting the State from 
expense in building hospitals, jails, and court-houses, which 
have to be used in a large measure for the care of the moral 
monstrosities born of such abnormal parentage. Instead of 
making reproduction a subject of scientific investigation and 
preparation, it is left to instinctive action, as with the beasts 
of the field, or, worse still, to the abnormal operation of the 
physically depraved organisms with which society abounds. 
An enlightened and conscientious person would endeavor to 
select for a companion one whose qualities of mind and body 
(in combination with his own) would assist in the elevation 
and perfection of the race, thus obviating the necessity of 



324 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

maintaining the vast armies of professional tinkers which 
abound in every community. Is a child born diseased in his 
physical nature? — straightway a medical tinker is hired to 
endeavor to patch up the defect. Is one born mentally 
weak? — he is given in charge of a teacher of imbeciles. Is 
he born morally unbalanced? — then a theological tinker is 
called upon to try to remedy by "regeneration" the "sins of 
the fathers which are visited upon the children to the third 
and fourth generations." 

Such a state of depravity ought not in the present general 
diffusion of knowledge to exist. Society as now constructed 
is on the most expensive and self-destructive plan that it is 
possible to conceive, because cultivated and inherited selfish- 
ness is the basis of it; and this trait is fostered and increased 
by the vicious public opinion which teaches virtually that a 
man is better in proportion to the amount of money he can 
get, and this leads men and women to marry for money with- 
out regard to their fitness for parentage. It leads also to 
dense ignorance; for, all of the powers of mind and body 
being bent to acquisition, the mind is drawn away from the 
study of the natural sciences, and men and women are 
hence very ignorant of themselves and of the laws which 
govern their being. This knowledge is the very first step 
toward a religious life, for no one can be religious while 
ignorant of the laws of mind and body, and of those other 
matters which influence greatly mental and physical well- 
being. The majority of people are far more ignorant of 
their own physiques than they are of the nature and laws of 
commerce or of fashionable amusements. They will pass 
years in learnig some unimportant accomplishment, while 
they never give one hour in studying how to improve their 
progeny by superior methods of life. 

There are some who think that it is only necessary that the 
parents love each other in order to create higher types. It 
is true that this is one very excellent condition in child rear- 
ing, but it will not take the place of intelligent, scientific 
methods; it will not eradicate consumption from either par-- 






HEREDITY. 325 

ent; it wili not change the scrofulous taint to purity, nor will 
it alone produce more beautiful or stronger types; it will not 
•give us more moral or beautiful offspring. Nothing but an 
intelligent, scientific understanding of the body and powers 
of the mind, as taught by Physiognomy, Physiology, and 
Hygiene, can improve the race. Blind love nor blind lust 
will neither accomplish great results. "Cupid should be 
painted with eyes, and not, as now and as with the ancients, 
blind. Give love eyes; the scientific Cupid must have eyes. 
As religion without reason is superstition, so love without 
reason is lust." Love as a factor in the reproduction of the 
race at present is a blind force; applied with science it will 
be?<v:e an intelligent power. 

The woman who consents to become the means of perpet- 
uating a race of drunkards by living with a drunken husband 
is guilty of gross wickedness, for physical sins are no whit 
less sinful than moral ones, and lead as I have shown directly 
to them. Oh, that some latter-day Moses would arise and 
lead the children of this age to the Land of Promise, flowing 
with the milk and honey of scientific religion, which is the 
fulfilling of the law ! Religion is not, as many believe, a 
seventh-day duty, but, rightly understood, is something to 
live by, to incorporate into our every-day life, and into all 
the acts of life, particularly our physical life, for it is here 
that religion commences. No one can be religious with a 
disordered nervous system, a swollen liver, a dyspeptic stom- 
ach, or a scrofulous body, for all these disorders lead to an 
unnatural and perverted understanding of life and its duties, 
and cause incompetency in carrying them out. There is no 
doubt that the doctrine of "infant damnation " was the result 
of liver complaint and dyspepsia. I believe that many of 
the horrible and unnatural dogmas which have been foisted 
upon the world as religions are traceable to men whose bodily 
conditions had so perverted and demoralized their mental 
vision as to result in those mental and spiritual monstrosi- 
ties which the scientific mind of this age is rejecting with 
disgust. This is the first effect of what little physiological 



326 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

knowledge there is prevalent in the world to-day. As these 
and kindred truths are spread, we may expect greater results. 
An enlightened self-interest will prove to mankind that in 
its highest consideration, as well as in its most mercenary 
view, a race of children which are the product of selected 
conditions are more desirable than those who are the result 
of mere instinctive propagation. 

Now, the mother is in one sense the architect of her child; 
if the mother is a weak-minded, small-nosed, small-souled 
being, is it reasonable to expect that she can perpetuate a 
race of mental or moral giants? Ignorant men choose weak- 
minded women for wives, because they admire their helpless- 
ness; it is "such an interesting trait! — it makes a woman 
appear so lovely and soft in her manners ! " Such women 
produce very soft specimens of children. These men never 
look beyond their noses; had they a sense of real true self- 
interest (not to speak of any higher motive), they would 
choose for wives the most efficient, capable, and intellectual 
women to be found, to be the mother of their offspring; and 
the chances are that they would find a fortune in each child 
born to them. Men w r ho do not thus choose are very short- 
sighted or very selfish, and wish to gratify their own small 
tastes or passions by the possession of a woman who will be 
good for nothing but a plaything, and of no use for any of 
the serious or noble purposes of life. It is related of Talley- 
rand, a celebrated statesman of France, that, having chosen 
for a wife a woman of very inferior intellect, was asked why 
he chose such a one; he replied, " She rests me ." A high 
and noble motive, truly, for a great man! 

I have observed that many of the so-called great men of 
the world sometimes do very small things. Napoleon is an 
instance of the pettiness of a great man, aptly shown by the 
memoirs of Madame de Eemusat. Lyman Beecher had three 
wives, all women of superior vigor of mind; the result was 
several uncommonly talented children, and all the rest above 
mediocrity. The third generation of Beechers does not seem 
to be of the same calibre; the reason is obvious. 






HEREDITY. 327 

Many men seem afraid of women of decided mentality, who 
are self-reliant and of vigorous intellect. Yet these women 
would transmit like qualities and bless the world with men 
and women of stamina and power. Genius and talent are 
not created in one generation, but where they are exhibited 
it is the result of several generations of cultivation, and 
therefore likely to be transmitted by inheritance if the con- 
ditions are favorable; and no more favorable conditions can 
be found than where both parents possess superior inherited 
gifts. If these conditions cannot be had, then a superior 
mother is most likely to be the progenitor of improved types. 
History abounds with the records of great men whose mothers 
were superior, but the noted children of great fathers are 
far more rare. Vigorous bodies and strong minds in both 
parents are highly desirable. For this reason, the conditions 
surrounding the mother during pregnancy should be the 
best that can be procured; comforts, with as much ease as 
is consistent with health, added to perfect freedom for the 
mother from all selfish and ignorant laws and desires, should 
be hers. In the domain of maternity woman must reign 
supreme, or her mission is in vain. Free men are not born 
of slave mothers; neither petty tyranny nor ignorant assump- 
tion should control the dawn of life. 

The treatment and education of the child is of far more 
importance for the nine months preceding its birth than the 
most expensive curriculum for twice that number of years 
after being ushered into its next stage of existence. Men 
who are ignorant of the simplest physiological law concern- 
ing women's nature of ten undertake the control of their wives 
during the most important period of their life, sometimes 
inflicting irreparable injury on their offspring by the exercise 
of an ignorant and domineering will, instead of bringing to 
bear wise, intelligent law, coupled with tender love and ab- 
solute justice. 

Another impediment to the improvement of the race is 
mock-modesty. The prurient shamefacedness of those per- 
sons who have held the laws of Nature to be immodest, and 



328 . PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

have built up, by their example, a vicious because unscien- 
tific public opinion, is receiving a shock which will bring 
them to a sense of their utter misappreciation and misappli- 
cation of their opportunities for elevating and improving the 
human race, which a kind Providence has in times past be- 
stowed upon them. The present general dissemination of 
scientific truths in regard to the procreation of the race 
shocks the mock-modest person, but, at the same time, it is 
doing much to improve public opinion, and is teaching great 
principles of life which were in former ages not understood, 
and would not have been tolerated any more than were Gali- 
leo's theories of the heavenly bodies. To have allowed these 
truths would have been to take from the Church some of its 
power by depriving it of some of its mystery; teaching a 
knowledge of this all-important science would have seemed 
to the devout believer in superstition a desecration and a 
sacrilege; that men had power to improve the race by design 
would have seemed a monstrous heresy; accidental or lustful 
procreation appeared to these pious souls the only right 
method. 

Another vital hinderance to improving offspring is the false 
position in which woman is placed by the decrees of society 
and governments — a resultant of ignorance and barbarism. 
Her true position in the scale of creation shall now be ex- 
plained on scientific principles. 

All naturalists are agreed upon the proposition, that the 
greater number of functions an organism possesses, the 
higher its rank in the scale of creation. This law is acknowl- 
edged by Humboldt, Cuvier, Buflon, St. Hilaire, and all 
other writers on natural history, anthropology, and natural 
classification; yet, with singular unanimity, which I cannot 
believe to be the result of prejudice, they have omitted to 
make its application extend beyond the animal kingdom. I 
suppose the reason is that, like Columbus and the egg, 
" they had not thought of it." A horse is higher than a snail 
or a snake, simply because it has more functions than either. 
Woman, possessing two more functions than man — viz., those 



HEREDITY. 329 

of gestation and lactation — stands, in respect to function, 
man's superior; yet, with this natural superiority conceded 
by the law of natural classification, she holds a position 
inferior to his. 

This subject condition of woman is a relic of barbarism — 
of the age of force, when one being was accounted superior 
by the power of muscle alone. Now, if it be true (and I 
think I have proved that it is so) that functions and faculties 
are correlated, and that for every function there is a corre- 
sponding faculty, what are we to deduce, I ask, from the fact 
that woman's organism comprises two more faculties than 
man's? To make this fact consistent with other facts of 
Physiognomy and Physiology, we must conclude that there 
are two extra faculties related to these two extra functions; 
and yet this very superiority of woman's organization is often 
adduced to prove her inferiority to man. If man had two 
functions in any way analogous to these, the position of the 
two might be considered equal; but when we reflect upon the 
comparatively insignificant part man plays in reproduction, 
the inferiority of his organism must be apparent to any one 
not prejudiced by venerable mythologies. 

I might instance the circumstance of the birth of Christ 
as showing that man's co-operation in reproduction is not 
always essential. This instance (and there are several sim- 
ilar ones vouched for in the ancient Oriental traditions and 
religions) might be referable to a law which operates in some 
low organisms. This method of reproduction, which is 
called parthenogenesis (virgin generation), may have taken 
place under the law of atavism, or taking back; for, as is 
well known, and as I shall show later in this chapter, the 
law of atavism has apparently no definite limit as to duration 
of action; for I have, in my own family, one who has rudi- 
mentary gill-openings, in this instance placed just in front 
of and above the ear-opening, instead of back of the ear, as 
is often the case, and where it would seem that it should 
appear. Now, this peculiar formation (which allowed respi- 
ration through gill-openings) is traced to the primitive ver- 
22 



330 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tebrates of the Silurian period, millions of years ago. The 
only way that the birth of Christ can be accounted for on 
scientific principles is by explaining it as under the operation 
of these two well known laws. I am not in favor of taking 
any theological work as a test-book of science, but it seems 
singular that those who do so should not have thoughts of 
this method of accounting for what is termed the "miracu- 
lous conception of Christ." 

Where all can be explained by law intelligently, why en- 
deavor to explain by unintelligible miracle? If the laws of 
parthenogenesis can operate in one instance to reproduce 
phenomena which originated millions of years ago, and the 
laws of atavism can reproduce types of the rudimentary 
organs dating from the Silurian period, as in one instance 
which has come under my observation (and naturalists are 
cognizant of many similar appearances under this law), it is 
logical and scientific to infer that these laws can operate in 
other instances. I am not now endeavoring to explain mir- 
acles, because I cannot allow that such things take place in 
Nature; for whatever occurs must be subject to natural law. 
It is far better for intellectual advancement, and for the 
interest of true religion and morality, that we should seek to 
explain all phenomena by the operations of the laws of God, 
instead of confusing the intellect with a belief in so-called 
"supernatural occurrences." All naturalists will accept and 
act upon the following idea of Mr. Haeckel, who remarks: 
"We are obliged to draw our conclusions according to the 
laws of induction, in every case in which we are unable to 
establish the truth of Nature immediately, by the infallible 
method of direct measurement, or mathematical calculation." 
And, in this reference to miraculous phenomena, I have en- 
deavored to divest the birth of Christ of all supernaturality, 
and show that it was possible under well known laivs of God. 

Let us return from this digression, and consider whether 
the so-called intellectual inferiority of woman arises from 
congenital and natural conformation of the mind, or whether 
it be not a result of a long arrest of culture of the reasoning 



HEREDITY. 331 

faculties and of the will, and the cultivation of the senti- 
mental traits and affections. I think the present era has 
demonstrated that, with equal opportunity (in spite of this 
long arrest of culture), women are carrying off the honors in 
every department of intellectual labor. 

There are those who may object to this exposition of the 
superiority of woman, and may advance the argument that 
man and woman are a whole — each the complement of the 
other; that the female of any species is but the half of that 
species. This would prove nothing more than an inexact 
way of speaking. Those who care to trace the evolution of 
species will find that the female takes rank as a perfected 
organism all along the line of progressive growth, and many 
species of insects find very little need of the male. Burns 
was scientifically correct when he wrote, " His 'prentice hand 
He tried on man, and then He made the lassies, O." Some 
of those poetic chaps write wonderfully prophetic and scien- 
tific at times — all unconsciously, it would seem. 

The question of quality always takes precedence in Nature. 
Until the prevalent erroneous opinion in regard to woman 
is changed, and her true rank in Nature accorded her, and 
the mother reign a queen in the home in fact as well as in 
name, we shall continue to have the miserable, distorted 
specimens in the shape of children, who fill our homes with 
sickness and suffering, and who drag out a wearisome exist- 
ence — made such, in many instances, during their pre-natal 
life, by the enforcement of hurtful laws and commands im- 
posed upon the mothers by fathers ignorant of all physiolog- 
ical or hygienic law, or by an intrusion of masculine will and 
passion at times when Nature cries out against such infrac- 
tion of her laws, which are and should be taught to the 
world as divine. That sugar-coated fallacy which is dropped 
into the ears of unthinking women — that "she who rocks the 
cradle rules the world " — will then be a living reality, and 
the home will then be worth acknowledging as "woman's 
empire" — will be something to admire and be proud of — 
something that the sons of woman can rejoice in; and not., 



332 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

as now, a place often, too often, made hideous by the whole- 
sale use of intoxicating liquors by the fathers, "the heads of 
the family," which render the sanctuary of home often un- 
safe, and a precarious shelter for mothers and children. 

Thinking women are not gratified when they are told that 
the present demoralized condition of society results from 
their "ruling." It is no compliment, but a disgrace, if it 
were true. Woman has no voice or influence in legalizing 
the sale and manufacture of liquors — in licensing gambling 
hells and houses of prostitution, as is done under some of 
the European governments and in some parts of our own 
country. Woman rocks the cradle, it is true, and there it 
would often seem that her "ruling" and influence ended. If 
a mother expend twenty-one years of her life in educating 
her son, surrounding him with all that beautiful home-influ- 
ence which she is led to believe is so potent in protecting 
him, she will (in many instances) live to see all her years of 
labor rendered abortive by the influence of the above-men- 
tioned legalized abominations, which she is not allowed to 
assist in abolishing, because she is taught that her influence 
is "mightier in the home," but which she finds to be the case 
only so long as she can bring it to bear personally upon her 
children while in the home, and that outside influences, 
which she is not permitted to assist in reforming, rule her 
home, her children, and herself. When her true place under 
the law and in society has been allowed her, her influence 
will be mightier than the sword, and will assist man in pro- 
tecting him even from himself and his vices. I feel that I 
have performed a religious duty in thus setting before my 
readers woman's true place in Nature according to natural 
law. 

We are fast approaching the age when mankind will cease 
to live so much in instinct, and begin to live more in reason. 
The progress of man mentally will be in exact accordance 
with his progress physically; first, the stomach age, when the 
inhabitants of earth dwelt in the plains and marshes, when 
men were great only as eaters and getters of food, which at 



HEREDITY. 333 

that time Nature bestowed without effort on the part of man, 
Next, the age of breathing, when man came to live in the 
high places and mountains. Then came the evolution of the 
muscle age, when man was a ''mighty hunter." This exer- 
cise in the open air facilitated the development of the osseous 
or bony structure; then men became tillers of the soil, cattle 
herders, and shepherds. Here commenced the growth of the 
brain age, when man had freedom from the nomadic life 
which was entailed by hunting and fierce conflicts with wild 
beasts. Opportunity came for reflection in the peaceful re- 
treats of pastoral and agricultural life. Thought was evolved, 
and thought gave birth to mechanism, and mechanism led 
the way to scientific knowledge. 

The laws of mechanics type the laws which govern the 
universe — not only our little planet, but all the worlds — for 
there is a correspondence of law which applied science, in 
the form of mechanical instruments, has discovered and ver- 
ified. The spectroscope, telescope, and other instrumental- 
ities, have each given its quota of positive knowledge of the 
constituents of those mighty bodies, and thus mind brooding 
over matter is slowly, yet surely, bringing us to higher realms 
of thought, reason, and justice. 

When men choose their wives in reason and justice, the 

race will take one grand step forward. If as much attention 

\ had been paid to the rearing of children as has been given 

\ the culture of plants, horses, or hogs, we should be immeas- 

\ urably advanced already. On this topic, Quatrefages, in his 

work on "The Human Species," remarks: 
U" Now, plants and animals have been studied for a much 
longer period than man, and from an exclusively scientific 
point of view, without any trace of the prejudice and party 
feeling which interferes with the study of man. Without 
having penetrated very deeply into all the secrets of vegeta- 
ble and animal life, science has acquired a certain number of 
fixed and indisputable results which constitute a foundation 
of positive knowledge and a safe starting-point. It is there 
that the anthropologist must seek the known quantities of 



334 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

which he may stand in need. Wherever there is any doubt 
of the nature or significance of a phenomenon observed in 
man, the corresponding phenomena must be examined in an- 
imals, and even in plants. They must be compared with 
what takes place in ourselves, and the results accepted as 
they are exhibited. What is recognized as being true for 
other organized beings cannot but be true for man. This 
method is incontestably scientific. It is similar to that of 
modern physiologists, who, since they are unable to experi- 
ment upon man, experiment upon animals, and form their 
conclusions upon the former from the latter. In anthropol- 
ogy, every solution to be sound — that is to say, true — should 
refer man to everything which is not exclusively human, to 
the generally recognized laws for other organized and living 
beings. Every solution which makes, or tends to make, man 
an exception, by representing him as free from those laws 
which govern other organized and living beings, is unsound 
and false." 

In continuing the subject of heredity from a scientific 
standpoint, I shall discuss it upon these principles and laws 
mentioned by Quatrefages, for my observations of a life-time 
confirm them. 

Had the Eev. W. H. Murray written as wisely on child- 
rearing as he has on horse-breeding, he would have laid the 
world under lasting obligations. As it is, his book, entitled 
"The Perfect Horse," is one step toward the cultivation of 
the Perfect Man, as nearly all the rules he lays down for the 
propagation of fine types of horses would apply exactly to 
the same purpose in the human family. Let us examine 
some of Mr. Murray's rules for producing a perfect horse, 
and see if, when applied, they would not also result in creat- 
ing more nearly perfect men and women. He observes: 

"Make yourselves familiar with the history of the noted 
horses of your own country, and also of other lands. Make 
yourselves acquainted with their shape, size, peculiarity of 
going, character of temperament, and the ancestry whence 
they sprung. Study pedigrees, that you may know, by the 



HEREDITY. 335 

union of what bloods, and the intermarriage of what fami- 
lies, great results have been attained. The reader will see 
that I demand no more than is universally admitted to be the 
condition of success in other branches of business. I do but 
demand this, and I lay it down as a law which executes its 
own penalty when transgressed, that he who breeds a horse, 
while ignorant of the correct principles of breeding, will 
breed a failure. If he ever make a success, it will be based 
on no broader or surer foundation than mere luck. Like 
produces like, and a fine-blooded colt must have fine-blooded 
parentage, and no one can escape its application. Luck has 
nothing to do with breeding; knowledge and a wise use of 
means can alone secure you what you desire. Never breed 
from an ugly tempered mare, for her colts will surely be like 
her, only worse. Depravity gets an earlier development in 
the child than it had in the parent." 

This principle holds good in regard to talents and virtues 
as well as to vices. Inherited traits of every sort show ear- 
lier in life where they are inherited from parents who pos- 
sessed such naturally. The biographies of all great actors, 
litterateurs, jurists, and orators prove this. Mr. Murray says 
further : 

• "Lastly under this head, see to it that the mare selected 
for the stud be in perfect health; feel that there is no excep- 
tion to this, for every trace of disease in the blood of the 
dam will from necessity be imparted to the foal — the embryo 
will from the very beginning be tainted with disease, so 
true it is that unhealthiness is often bred out of the dam and 
into the foal. The colt is worthless, but the mare is cured. 
The disease left the mother and entered into the offspring, as 
is the case often in the human species." 

There is not in the foregoing a single principle mentioned 
which, if applied to the begetting of the human race, but 
would raise it immeasurably in the scale of nobility. I leave 
to the common sense of the reader if this is net correct. 

One prolific cause of the deterioration of the race is found 
in the marriages of first cousins. A large percentage of the 



336 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

progeny of such marriages are either deaf and dumb, idiotic, 
scrofulous, or epileptic. Tabulated statements, which the 
reader can find in various medical works, give the percent- 
age. The cause of this deterioration in these consanguine- 
ous relations is that their constitutions are too nearly alike; 
in other words, the parents resemble each other too nearly 
in form and in the general constituents of organism. Eesults 
point to this as a cause, and such unions should be avoided. 
The danger is not so great where the pair are very unlike, or 
who resemble ancestors of opposite sides of the family who 
were very unlike, particularly if quite free from constitutional 
disease. This law holds good also in cases where persons, 
not relatives, intermarry who possess very nearly the same 
forms and systems of functions, in nearly the same propor- 
tions. They are alike by nature, yet not by blood ties. 

Given, two parents possessed of the same proportions of 
the Osseous and Brain systems in excess. The result will 
be nervous, bright, weakly children, unless some fortuitous 
and hidden law, of atavism for example, intervene, and the 
offspring receive the balancing effect of a modicum of some 
other system from some remote ancestral type. This seldom 
occurs, yet often enough to admonish us to study pedigrees 
especially where marriage is intended, and also to obtain the 
assistance of a first-class physiognomist. Being too much 
alike has the effect of weakening the offspring, inasmuch as 
it intensifies all constitutional defects, and gives too large a 
preponderance of certain systems and organs, and thus pro- 
duces an unbalanced condition. And yet where the parents 
are exactly opposite in form, color, and systems of functions, 
this also breeds inharmony and disaster. There never was 
a more fallacious saying than that which passes current — viz., 
''that opposites should marry" — and those who make this 
observation can give no reason in its support. Such mar- 
riages create discord between the parents. What, then, can 
we expect will be the condition of their progeny? Even in 
cases of parents well mated, temporary discords between 
them have such an effect upon the mind of the mother during 



HEREDITY. 337 

the pre-natal existence of her offspring as to result in inhar- 
monious, unhappy, weak, and deformed children. 

Lord Byron, the celebrated poet, was born deformed — the 
result, it is thought, of violent fits of anger on the part of 
his mother before his birth. She had inherited this procliv- 
ity to violence from ancestors who were at' times half insane 
with anger; thus she received this vice in an intensified form, 
and the club-feet of Byron told the story of his mother's and 
his ancestors' habits. 

If temporary discords produce disastrous results, what 
might not be the result to children whose parents lived in 
one ceaseless conflict, owing to the utter inability of the 
incongruous elements of their organisms to harmonize? Such 
natures cannot mingle any more than oil and water; in such 
a struggle, the weaker one is the chief sufferer. It is like 
rubbing a piece of silk against a rock; the silk is destroyed, 
while the rock will remain unharmed. Such partners may 
neither be vicious, but will become so if they remain long 
in such unequal yokedom. Each might find his natural and 
harmonious mate if the laws of Physiognomy were under- 
stood and regarded, and thus untold misery would be spared 
to children and children's children. 

As society is at present constituted, the greater share of 
the responsibility of the selection of types from which to 
reproduce devolves upon man; for, according to custom, 
man has the privilege of choosing; a woman must marry the 
man who asks her, or not at all; and, being in the majority 
of cases financially dependent, generally accepts the man who 
can provide for her, without regard to the fitness of the 
union in regard to age, form, health, or any other considera- 
tion but the mere fact of ability to provide. 

Woman is far more intuitional than man. This has always 
been conceded, and Physiognomy proves its truth. If this 
wondrous intuition could be allowed free scope in the matter 
of the choice of husbands, an almost entirely different allot- 
ment in marriage would be the result; and this one step 
would add immeasurably to the improvement of the race,, 



338 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

for intuition, in its highest development, gives the most 
profound insight into human nature; hence, woman is pre- 
eminently endowed with the power for choosing the best 
types of man for perpetuation. But as long as this most 
glorious gift of woman's nature is subordinated to a struggle 
for existence, this one important and powerful factor in the 
culture of the race will be almost entirely closed against it. 
If woman were as free to choose her husband as man is now 
free to choose his wife, I believe all concerned would be the 
better for it. In that "good time coming," which we all 
hope for, possibly this with other methods of regeneration 
will supplant those now in vogue. 

History shows that the highest types of the race are found 
where the monogamic marriage prevails, and where the home 
is inviolable. The welfare of the family depends greatly on 
the continuous efforts of the same parents. Human nature, 
in order that it should be conservative, is somewhat selfish, 
and, naturally, a parent will provide and do for his own 
offspring with more wisdom and affection than for the chil- 
dren of another. It is therefore highly important, not only 
for the welfare of the children, but for harmony between the 
parents, that there should be an adaptation in the parents for 
each other; and this should be ascertained before marriage. 
A skillful physiognomist could determine this question, as 
well as their fitness to become parents, and, also, if the 
union would be productive of superior offspring. It is the 
solemn duty of every one intending to enter the high and 
holy estate of matrimony to discover, by scientific knowledge, 
if the conditions attending this desire are righteous; that is 
to say, in accordance with morality, physiological law, and 
the laws of heredity and transmitted quality and types. I 
advise my readers to procure every work on heredity that 
can be procured, especially one entitled "The Human Spe- 
cies," by the eminent A. de Quatrefages; also, one by Fran- 
cis Galton, entitled "Hereditary Genius." They will be 
useful to all, especially those intending to become parents. 

Quatrefages, whom I shall have occasion to quote often in 






HEREDITY. 339 

this chapter, states that "every race is a resultant, whose 
components are partly the species itself, partly the sum of 
the modifying agents which have produced the deviation 
from the type." Again he remarks: "Like all animal and 
vegetable species, the human species can vary within certain 
limits; like plants and animals, man has his varieties and 
races, which have appeared and been formed by the action 
of the same causes. In the human kingdom, as in the two 
other kingdoms, the first causes of variation are conditions 
of life and heredity. In phenomena of this kind, conditions 
of life act as the supreme ruler; if they vary, they become 
modifying agents; if they remain constant, they become 
agents of statilization. Heredity, which is essentially a per- 
severing agent, becomes an agent of variation when it trans- 
mits and accumulates the modifying actions of the conditions 
of life." 

Elsewhere he says: "Man does not subject himself to the 
selection which he applies with so much success to animals 
and plants, in his species; therefore, the extreme variations 
which are obtained elsewhere are not produced. It is thus 
easily explained why the limits of variation are not so ex- 
treme with man as with domesticated and cultivated races. 
.But if, for some motive or other, he were to apply the process 
of selection to himself, we should not have to wait long for 
the result. By marrying the tallest women to the giants of 
their guard, Frederick William and Frederick II. had cre- 
ated, at Potsdam, a real race distinguished for its tall stat- 
ure. In Alsace, a duke — de Deux Ponts — who imitated the 
Prussian sovereigns obtained the same results." 

This exposition of heredity by Quatrefages corroborates 
ihe experience of all observers in this direction; and all who 
love their kind would desire, I am certain, that a system of 
selection in the human family might be put in operation 
which would be in the interests of morality, and, at the same 
time, tend directly to the ennobling of the species. By 
studying the pedigrees of families, and by making surround- 
ing conditions favorable to the advancement of offspring, it 



340 PEACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

is proved incontestably that not only can present varieties be 
improved, but also that new races can be evolved by intelli- 
gence in crossing existing types. 

The conditions of life required for the better development 
of the race are, first, hygienic; second, obedience to moral 
law; in other words, such treatment of the several systems of 
the body as is in accord with physiological law. I have 
shown, in this system of Physiognomy, that morality pro- 
ceeds directly from a proper development (at birth) of the 
several systems and their accompanying organs, and also by 
strict adherence to the laws regulating their operation. 
Morality is not a sentiment — not a mental conception, mere- 
ly, of right and wrong — but is part and parcel, as I have 
heretofore shown, of the physical system. It is true that 
the mind must take cognizance of the operations and laws of 
the various organs of the body, and the will must be exerted 
to compel obedience to understood law; a knowledge, alone, 
of moral law makes no man moral; it is his adherence to 
those laws, If a man is born unbalanced in his nature, he 
can, by attention to hygienic law, neutralize in a great degree 
this abnormal condition. 

If the Vegetative system predominates over all the others, 
causing the individual to be slow, sluggish, dull of thought, 
given to ease and sensuality, all these disadvantages may be 
overcome in a degree by a persistent effort on the part of the 
individual, or with the assistance of parents or interested 
friends. Great changes may be effected in a few years by 
denying one's self somewhat in the matter of food, sleep, and 
the immoderate use of liquids. It is the same with all the 
other systems; they can all be added to or reduced. In the 
chapter on "Hygiene," directions how to make these changes 
were given. 

In endeavoring to trace the laws of Nature to their origin, 
man collects a great variety of knowledge without, perhaps, 
attaining the desired object; yet it is only in thus doing that 
he can gather sufficient knowledge of laws to advance the 
interests of humanity. Through the efforts of stock-breeders 



HEREDITY. 341 

to produce better types of animals, and by experiments in 
the animal kingdom performed by scientists and naturalists, 
we have accumulated a vast store of knowledge in regard to 
the operation of the laws of heredity. It has been proved 
that in the human family many results have been observed 
similar to those occurring in the animal kingdom, where the 
selection was instinctive, and not designed by reason and 
intention. The same qualities and traits, as far as they have 
been observed, present similar results in both the animal and 
human races. 

There are objections raised by the unthinking against the 
application of all the laws of propagation of the animal 
species to the procreation of man. I refer to the fact that 
many, having observed the sad result to offspring of the 
intermarriage of near relatives, conclude that the method of 
crossing of near relatives, as is practiced without detriment, 
and often with the best results, in the animal species, cannot 
be applied to the human family. They infer that, as this 
works disastrously, none of the other laws which are found 
to succeed with animals can be safely trusted to produce 
better types in the human family. With very few exceptions, 
the most able scientists are unanimous in the belief that the 
reason why the human family cannot safely apply this method 
is owing to the fact that none of the human family are ex- 
empt from disease or predisposition to disease derived from 
some of their ancestors. Now, the union of two persons 
predisposed to the same disease or class of diseases — those 
which all the members of the same family would probably 
exhibit — would, in their offspring, develop and intensify in 
its highest activity such diseased conditions and predisposi- 
tions. The animal races, living more nearly in accord with 
the laws of Nature, present very rare instances of predisposed 
disease, and where this is observed the stock-breeder pre- 
vents reproduction from such source. Animals do not have 
the almost universally diseased conditions which prevail in 
the human species; they would be of no use to man for food 



342 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

were this the case, and could not reproduce the wonderfully 
beautiful and healthy specimens which we find among them 

Among the laws of heredity is one named " atavism," or, 
as some express it, "reversion," or taking back. This law 
operates to transmit to distant descendants the diseases, vices, 
virtues, and talents of some remote ancestor, without exhib- 
iting its peculiarity in the intervening generations; that is to 
say, a trait or disease will often overleap two, three, or more 
generations, and then make its appearance. This shows the 
importance of knowing the pedigree for several generations, 
at least, where the scientific improvement of the race is de- 
sired. We have all sorts of proof of the activity of this 
law. In cases where there have been infusions of African 
blood several generations back, it has produced the predom- 
inant traits, and some degree of color and features, in the 
most unexpected manner, after several generations of ab- 
sence. This same law operates in the transmission of dis- 
eases. Cancer is often inherited in this manner; insanity 
also descends to children's children, and beyond these even. 
Mr. Sedgwick, a noted writer on stock-breeding, says : 

"In the well known case of George III. the insanity was 
transmitted in the male line by atavic descent, from a male 
ancestor eight generations back, in whom not only the insan- 
ity, but many other of the well known characteristics were 
exactly repeated." 

The most eminent talents, as well as the most moral char- 
acteristics, are transmitted directly and through ancestral in- 
fluence. The science of heredity is yet in its infancy. If 
the time ever arrives when men and women shall be suffi- 
ciently enlightened and sufficiently unselfish, the attempt to 
regenerate the race by scientific methods will be made, and 
the laws and rules which have produced such satisfactory re- 
sults in improving the lower animals will assist in raising 
man to a higher scale of development, added to the laws yet 
to be discovered, which relate exclusively to man and his 
more highly specialized organism. 

Physiognomy, as taught by this svstem, is a powerful ad- 



HEREDITY. 343 

junct to race improvement. It not only teaches the mean- 
ings of the several systems and forms of the body, but also 
the several qualities, traits, virtues, vices, weaknesses, tal- 
ents, genius, and predispositions to health, disease, and lon- 
gevity. The chapter on "Hygiene" gives the rule for the 
improvement of each particular system by diet and hygienic 
living. It is not within the scope of this work to give an 
exhaustive resume of all the topics treated of, but its inten- 
tion is to call the reader's attention to these subjects, leaving 
somewhat for individual research and observation. The 
most notable influences on heredity, and which play the most 
important part in the propagation of the race, are those 
which have been noticed in the preceding pages. These in- 
clude inherited talents, diseases, vices, forms, colors, and 
transmitted quality, as well as climate, food, water, clothing, 
and social advantages. These are briefly alluded to, yet in a 
manner in which I trust will call the attention of my readers 
to their importance to themselves and their progeny. 

CONCLUSION. 

Looking far down the vista of the ages, we find coming 
up from simple plasmoid substance, through gradational 
forms, the wondrous organism of man, with all his complex 
and varied powers. The earth, too, we find has kept abreast 
in its evolution with the ever-changing wants and conditions 
of organic life. It is logical to infer, reasoning from every 
lesson of the past, that changes will continue, that no part 
of Nature's domain will either retrograde or come to a stand- 
still. We have also every proof, reasoning from experience, 
that progress in man's nature will continue, and that the con- 
ditions requisite for that progressed nature will be evolved 
in accordance with the ratio of his progression. I believe 
that this world will witness greater and more striking changes 
than have already occurred. Scientific knowledge having 
attained such impetus as now exists will assist in carrying 
forward this evolutionary movement of man with rapid strides. 



344 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Can any one imagine even the possibilities of ultimate 
growth? Is there any law, which has been observed in any 
department of Nature, that has ever exhibited a limit to ac- 
tion ? — that is to say, does any element or particle ever cease 
being an agent or actor? I think no one can define the ulti- 
mate limit and action of natural forces. 

What, then, must be our conclusion in regard to man's 
progress ? It is simply illimitable. The human mind can no 
more comprehend the extent of that upward growth than it 
can the idea of eternity. My belief, born of and strength- 
ened by the observation of the laws of God as exhibited in 
the laws of Nature, brings me to the conclusion that the 
three great ruling laws in Nature, the Chemical, the Archi- 
tectural, and the Mathematical, will continue the grand plan 
of evolution, or progressive development, through the ever 
varying conditions of life-growth, and that as long as man 
exists as a conscious entity his face will register their action 
in his organism. 



SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 345 



CONTENTS. 



Inteoduction 9 

Great Advance in the Sciences and Industrial Arts in the Nineteenth Centu- 
ry Belief and interest in Physiognomy among the Ancients The 

ablest Greek and Eoman writers treat of Physiognomy as a science 

Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Galen System of Hippocrates adopted in 

part by Phrenologists Moses, the Hebrew Law-giver, makes practical 

application of the laws of Physiognomy The Eoman Philosophers, 

Pliny and Cicero, write on the subject The ancient interest and be- 
lief extend to the Middle Ages Petrus d'Abbano lectures before the 

University of Paris in the Fourteenth Century Later still, the great 

Michael Scott and J. Baptista Porta teach the science In 1801, Lava- 

ter of Zurich wrote extensively, but formulated no system. . . .In same 
epoch, Sir Charles Bell, Spurzheim, Camper, Bichat, Broussais, and De 
la Sarthe, English, French, and Germans, treat of Physiognomy, as does 

James W. Bedneld, an American Dr. John Crosse publishes a work 

from the University press of Glasgow in 1817 First work having a 

correct scientific basis, written by Dr. Jos. Simms of New York, appears 
later. .. .The present condition of this science illustrated in this work. 
Great advance made by discovery of the relation of Man's organism to 
the three great ruling principles of Nature; viz., those of Chemistry, 
Architecture, and Mathematics. . . .The sum of human activity based on 

these laws Eeligious regard for the regeneration of mankind impels 

the author to promulgate these discoveries. 

Chaptee I. — Primitive Origin and Development of Man. 15 

The dawn of animal life on the globe as illustrated by the amoeba The 

constituents of Man's organism common alike to plants, fishes, and 
beasts ; differences caused by variations in chemical action The chem- 
ist identifies these elementary constituents in every organized body 

The origin of mentality traced to the anatomical and physiological con- 
struction of animal and human organisms. . . .Striking similarity in the 

methods of progression of the lower animals and of human beings 

The kidney and reproductive systems the first organ-systems evolved in 

the lower animal organisms as well as the human Man's character the 

result of inheritance, food, water, climate, and environment. .. .Color, 
derived from the sun's rays and food, most potent in forming character. 

Application of color as a remedial agent The differences of mental 

action in different ages The dominance of religious superstition un- 
favorable to the progress of morality and mental activity. . . .The culmi- 
nation of human greatness not yet reached. 

Chaptee II. — Basic Principles of Scientific Physiognomy 22 

Man the apex of Creation The mineral constituents of the human body. 

The three basic principles of Nature — viz., those of Chemistry, Archi- 

23 



346 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tecture, and Mathematics — find their representation in the anatomy of 

Man, and the signs indicating these powers in his face The human 

face, like the dial on the clock, the exponent of all within the body. . . . 
The high importance of correct physiognomical knowledge . . . Examina- 
tion of sub-basic principles — viz., Form, Color, Texture, Size, Quality. 

Shape of the Nose . . .Harmony Compensation Illustrations of the 

law of compensation The five systems of functions which create the 

various forms of Man, as well as his mental characteristics — the Vegeta- 
tive, Thoracic, Muscular, Osseous, and Brain and Nerve systems. . . .Fac- 
ulties found in the Chemical or Yegetative division — Conscientiousness, 
Firmness, Alimentiveness, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Children, 
Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Modesty, Self-esteem All these facul- 
ties sustained mainly by chemical action Architectural division of the 

body and face, shown by predominance of the Thoracic, Muscular, and 
Osseous systems, includes all the principles of mechanical forces — viz., 
lever, pulley, valve, etc Faculties located in this division are Cau- 
tiousness, Secretiveness, Force, Besistance, Hope, Analysis, Imitation, 
Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, 
Yeneration, Self-will, Credenciveness, Observation, Memory of Events, 
Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, Lan- 
guage Mathematical division shows action of Brain and Nerve system 

and includes faculties named Time, Causality, Comparison, Intuition 

All the systems interrelated. . . .The functions of the body produce men- 
tal effects. . . .Moses's comprehension of facial indications shown in the 
Bible Index of body and mind in the face False systems of meta- 
physics responsible for low grade of humanity System of checks and 

balances in body and mind, illustrated by Edgar A. Poe, Horace Gree- 
ley Utility of Physiognomy — important to mothers, friends, partners 

for life, and in choosing employments Keen analysis required in read- 
ing character. . . .Amativeness gives constructive talent — proof in faces 

of Dickens, Bubens, etc Laws of Heredity taught by Physiognomy. 

Man's scant knowledge of himself No progress in Government until 

scientific knowledge of Man is universal. 

Chapter III. — The Five Systems of Functions that Cre- 
ate Character 35 

All form throughout Nature symbolic of character Advanced Phrenolo- 
gists accept this law Practical value of Physiognomy Its superior- 
ity to Phrenology The five systems of functions create every type of 

character The Yegetative, the first to evolve, shows the functions of 

reproduction, assimilation, imbibition, excretion, secretion, respiration, 
absorption, circulation — being the functions common to vegetable and 

animal existence. . . .How to distinguish the Yegetative system The 

intestines, liver, spleen, bladder, kidneys* pancreas, and organs of repro- 
duction included in this system Moral sense needed to conserve the 

functions and faculties of this department The Architectural division. 

Description of the Thoracic system The progressive development of 

Man's organism follows the same course as that of the lower animals. 

The fish types the vertebrate classes The lungs and heart necessarily 

correlated No great men with large brains and small lungs All the 

celebrated warriors, discoverers, orators, and commanders possess large 

lung and heart systems. . . .Description of the Muscular system Great 

size not evidential of great strength Fair quality and large endow- 
ment of the muscles needed for artistic and mechanical pursuits.. . No 
mechanics found in the Yegetative system predominant. . . .All the prin- 
ciples of natural mechanics represented in the muscles — the several lever 
powers, pulley, ball and socket, valves, mixed joints. . . The Bony system. 
Signs Constituents and nature of bone Its firm nature gives integ- 
rity — also scientific and mechanical ability Choosing trades from the 

conformation of the body Mathematical division Description of 

the Brain system An excess of Brain and Nerve system tends to rea- 
son and judgment— gives purity, refinement Signs of Causality, 

Comparison, Time, and Intuition manifested in this department. 






SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 347 

Chapter IY. — Localities and Descriptions of Signs in 

the Face 58 

Chemical division. . . .The voice, form, walk, gesture, all indicative of char- 
acter Primary use of bodily functions The mind acquiring new- 
faculties Science taking the "place of superstition .... Physiognomy to 

assist in civilization . . Large features. exhibit more power than small 

ones Character spread all over the body Locality of signs in the 

face — Conscientiousness, Firmness, Alimentiveness, Benevolence, Gen- 
erosity, Sympathy, Amativeness, Love of Children and Animals, Mirth- 
fulness, Approbativeness, Friendship, Self-esteem, Modesty The signs 

found in the Architectural division Phrenology indebted to Physiog- 
nomy for its facial signs .... "What Mr. Fowler says of the face 

Conscientiousness not a religious faculty, but a moral one. .. .Force, 
Secretiveness, Eesistance, Hope, Cautiousness, Analysis, Imitation, 
Ideality, Taste or Imagination, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructive- 
ness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, Self-will, Credencive- 
ness, Observation, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Physical Order, Mental 

Order, Calculation, Locality, Memory of Events, Music, Language 

Mathematical division A good proportion of the Brain system needed 

for mathematical computation, surveying, navigation, astronomy Is 

Man's allotted time on earth a matter of mathematical certainty? Sir 

John Herschel's statement of the mathematical nature of all organisms. 
Signs for Time, Causality, Comparison, Intuition. 

Chapter Y. — Exposition of Sub-basic Principles 133 

Form and Size Evidences in Nature of uniformity of methods of action. 

Resemblance in form between men and animals result in similar charac- 
teristics The duty of parents to understand and teach Scientific Phys- 
iognomy .... Size not always indicative of strength. .. .Quality before 

quantity True greatness not denoted by size of the nose alone 

Inherited quality determines power. . . .Quality shown by fine clear skin 
and fine hair ; the same law applies to animals. . . .The law of compensa- 
tion Illustrations in the eyes of insects, wings of bats, elephant's pro- 
boscis The action of this law in Man's physique; also, in his mental 

construction Law of proportion The artistic law does not agree 

with the scientific. . . .What Lavater says of the Greek profile. . . .Win- 

kleman's opinion Scientific interpretation of proportion Law of 

harmony Perfect harmony in all of Nature's works Bodies suited 

to the minds accompanying them .... The external of Man always har- 
monizes with the interior construction Law of color Certain 

amount of coloring pigment essential to health and normal action of the 
functions. 

Chapter YI. — Theories of Certain Traits 149 

The present age of invention a revelation Why does every force in Nature 

act a double part? The uses of jealousy, revenge, suspicion, force, all 

necessary in the present condition of mankind Rationale of love, 

jealousy, revenge, suspicion, secretiveness, self-conceit The human 

race propagated instinctively, the same as animals Theory of the ac- 
tion of love — its assistance in constructive art Physiological and 

hygienic law should be observed as a religion. . . .Theory of the action of 
jealousy — found only with unbalanced and undeveloped natures. . . .Re- 
venge found mainly among the darker races — never among well balanced 
people Secretiveness, used to conceal something. . . .Animals use se- 
cretiveness in order to avoid and prey upon each other Suspicion 

arises from defective reason, practicality, or friendliness Anger 

unjustifiable and useless Righteous indignation the only legitimate 

action of this trait Selfishness, self-protective and useful'to a degree 

too much selfishness indicates an undeveloped nature Excess of any 



348 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

passion induces morbid physical conditions What Hippocrates says 

of envy .... Self-conceit, a harmless trait, but disagreeable How to 

improve the character and free it from these traits The way to endow 

offspring with noble natures. 

Chaptee VII. — Rationale of Physical 'Functions and 

their Signs in the Face 158 

Ancient philosophical idea of the basis of mind Theological comprehen- 
sion of mental action Present scientific and philosophical understand- 
ing of the basis of mind The cerebrum not possessed of powers 

formerly attributed to it — illustration from Longet's experiment on a 
fowl. . . .Quotation from Lewes on mental manifestations in insects. . . . 

J. L. Lindsay on mind in the lower animals Comparative Anatomy 

disproves the former theory of the cerebrum being the sole seat of intel- 
ligence Results of thirty years' observation given... The primary 

use of all faculties for the preservation of the body The kidney sys- 
tem the purifier of the body — also, conducive to morality Certain 

forms denote immoral character How to remedy unbalanced forms. 

Physical signs of Amativeness, Love of Young, Benevolence, Friendship, 

etc Theory of their mental and physical interaction The moral 

significance of the complexion .... Physical use of Modesty The 

stomach our creator physically .... Mental power derived from large 
lungs and powerful heart. . . .Mental assistance given by free action of 

the liver The eye indicative of muscular power in the body The 

sense of Weight a part of the muscular sense and preservative of the 
body. . . .Summary of signs in the face. . . .The powers exhibited in the 
Chemical division .... The faculties and functions exhibited in the Archi- 
tectural division. . . .Laws of magnetism and electricity. . . .Mathematical 

or Brain and Nerve system — its powers and qualities Locality of the 

mind. 

Chapter VIII. — Beauty and Utility of the Grouping of 

Facial Signs 214 

Some faculties not in use in youth Form of the face changes with ad- 
vancing age — character, also .... Some faculties do not acquire their full 

significance in childhood — the signs consequently not well defined 

Distinction between animal and vegetative faculties Phrenological 

classification and nomenclature erroneous First group in the face 

vegetative . . . Second group shows building powers, art, literature, etc. 
Third group, religion, executiveness, self-will Fourth group, reason- 
ing powers Animal traits foreshadow similar traits in Man. 

Chapter IX. — Form as a Universal and Determinating 

Principle 221 

The architectural or formative principle dominates the organic and inorganic 
world The law which shapes crystals also shapes animals and deter- 
mines their form Man's mental and physical construction indicated 

by his form The arched form in Nature — its meaning... .. Round 

noses musical The noses of great musicians — how shaped ...Noses 

of eminent artists. . . .Noses of dramatists and actors. . . .Noses of com- 
mercialists. . . The faces of imitative actors. . . .Nose of elegant tastes — 
of literary talent. . . Faces of scientists — how formed Class peculiari- 
ties—twenty-two Jewish Rabbis Eyes of animals — of the deer, spring- 
bok, etc. — of the elephant, bear, tapir Mental characteristics of large- 



SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 349 

eyed animals — of small-eyed animals — same as in Man Seven things 

to observe in reading the eye. . . .Personal magnetism of orators — Cicero, 

Demosthenes Black eyes, hazel eyes, yellow eyes, mixed eyes, gray 

eyes Color of eyes — how produced Signs in the mouth. . . .Mean- 
ing of different colored hair .... Cause of gray hair — how to remedy it. 

Meaning of different shaped eyebrows — eyelashes How dimples are 

caused. . . .Meaning of dimples i'n cheek, chin, hands, and body Mean- 
ing of straight lines and looks The voice indicates character. . . . How 

sound is produced Predominance of muscular power — its assistance 

to artists Fine quality essential Great orators possess fine muscular 

endowment Description of different voices — their signification.... 

The finger and toe nails — their physical and mental characteristics 

The hands and feet — their shape indicates character. . . .Soft, fat hands, 
muscular hands, bony hands.... The meanings seen in the feet — feet 
deformed by fashion .... Wrinkles— how produced, and their significa- 
tion "What wrinkles are honorable Smiles and laughter Un- 
lucky persons— how ill luck is caused How to create lucky children. 

Divine law no respecter of persons. 

Chapter X. — Origin and Evolution of the Organs 254 

How have the functions and faculties of Man originated?. . . .Physical devel- 
opment of Man by evolution .... Contrast between the Australian and 
civilized Caucasian. . . The order of arrangement of the signs and fac- 
ulties in the face the proof of evolution Slight description of Mr. 

Haeckel's discoveries. .. .Their proof of Scientific Physiognomy — each 

corroborates the other The two extremes of evolution — from the 

amoeba to Man.... Mind diffused through the amoeba — also, through 
Man's organism. . . .Evolution of the vegetative and animal germ layers. 

Evolution of the intestine Origin of the kidney system — its high 

physiological signification .... Illustration of the Chemical, Architectu- 
ral, and Mathematical principles evolved in all the primitive processes of 

generation — illustrated in the eggs of frogs Evolution of the nervous 

system illustrated .... Origin of the skeleton system — of the swim-blad- 
der. . .Primitive brain appears in fishes Evolution of the lungs, jaws, 

• larynx, windpipe, etc. .. .Appearance of the amphibia Evolution of 

the lungs and blood-circulating system, with true heart The principle 

of correlated functions shown Development of the muscular system. 

Further improvement of the bony system .... Rudimentary appearance 
of the fore and hind limbs Great advance made in physical func- 
tions, and also in mental manifestations in the lower animals. . . .Origin 
of mind more explicitly stated by Mr. Haeckel. . . .Comparative anatomy 

and evolution afford the only clue to the origin of mind The next 

advance in mentality made by the evolution of the perfected reproduc- 
tive system as found in the mammalia Correlated action of the heart 

and lungs Analysis and origin of mind according to Mr. Haeckel 

Correlated action of the lungs and nose. . . .Proofs in the face of Man. 

Muscular movements mental .... Every step of evolution divine 

Speech not a divine gift, but a physiological one. 

Chapter XI. — Signs of Health and Disease in the Phys- 
iognomy 277 

The physiognomy reveals the construction of all the viscera and organ-sys- 
tems in the human body Evolution of the features of the face The 

nose indicative of mental energy .... Mentality dependent on physiologi- 
cal construction for its power .... Signs of health and disease observed 

by Hippocrates and Galen How to discern weakness of the digestive 

apparatus — of the kidneys — of the glandular system — of the spine.... 
How to discover tendency to biliary disorders Signs of weak stomach. 



350 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 

How to improve the Thoracic system The predominance of the Bony- 
system shown The Muscular Signs of a weak memory The 

progeny of drunkards deficient in the kidney system — why The proof 

of the unity of mind and body Tobacco an agent in the destruction 

of the sense of color Its bad effect upon the glandular system 

Facial signs of drunkenness Signs in the forehead of practical and 

impractical persons How to discern the size of the liver and lungs by 

the shape of the forehead The eye evidential of health and disease. 

The meaning of mixed eyes Gluttony indicated by the eye Com- 
parative anatomy infallible in deciding character How to teach chil- 
dren the primary truths of Physiognomy How to insure perfected or 

superior offspring Hygienic law the basis of genuine civilization. 

Chapter XII. — Hygiene 292 

Hygienic laws ranked among the first sciences in the world Most diseases 

preventable Disease caused by infraction of sanitary law. . . Moses's 

religious teaching founded on hygienic observances True religion 

would create purer types of mankind. . . .Words not competent to cause 

food to digest . . . The air we breathe the first necessity of existence 

The atmosphere both creative and destructive Yentilation ignored in 

public buildings and private houses Experiments with pure ozone 

How to cure consumption Most of our food medicated How to 

make soft soap Pork dangerous to health and life Diseases pro- 
duced by eating pork Fine wheaten flour not suitable for food — good 

for remedies Improper use of spices, sugar, tea, and coffee Two 

unwholesome elements in tea... The stomach our creator Farmers 

never give their cattle drink while eating Our food too stimulating — 

creates drunkards How to use milk — dangerous unless used with 

proper food The most nutritious articles of food Which diet best 

for laborers— for sedentary people. . . Americans eat too much food 

Diet of the Europern peasantry Perseverance in a healthful diet much 

needed Experience in a Connecticut farm-house. . . .How to build the 

different divisions of the body on scientific principles .... The right pro- 
portions of the three main elements of food, needed for healthy equili- 
bration The Banting system of reducing the food and increasing the 

strength Alcoholic drinks Words on this subject unnecessary 

Woman to be the saviour of the race. 

Chapter XIII.— Heredity 321 

The law of inherited quality difficult to understand. . .The human race can 
be improved by scientific methods .... Mankind more exact in regard to 
the pedigree of their horses than that of their wives . . .Ignorance and 
selfishness reproduce like traits Reproduction left to instinctive ac- 
tion, as with the brute.. . .Defective children injured by professional 

tinkers Love essential in the right propagation of children, but not 

sufficient The children of drunkards Horrible religious dogmas 

the result of perverted bodily conditions The mother the architect of 

the child Anecdote of Talleyrand Men afraid of intellectual 

women. . . .Woman must reign in the domain of maternity. . . .Men igno- 
rant of the laws governing Woman's physiology Dissemination of 

scientific truth Woman functionally superior to Man Cuvier, 

Buffon, and others agree on this Does she who rocks the cradle rule 

the world? — Query Women not influential in producing the present 

state of society Woman's true place in Nature Reason advancing 

and instinctive methods receding Evolution of Man in accord with 

Scientific Physiognomy Stomach age, Thoracic age, Muscle age, 

Bone age, Brain age Rev. W. H. Murray on horse breeding Quo- 
tation from Quatrefages What Mr. Murray says of the perfect horse. 

Study pedigrees Luck nothing to do with breeding horses Law 



SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 351 



dominant Intermarriage of cousins — to be avoided in some cases 

Law of ancestral inheritance Opposites should not marry The 

most responsibility in reproduction attached to Man — why Woman's 

intuition a powerful adjunct in scientific culture of the race The mo- 

nogamic marriage the best — the reason why What Francis Galton 

says. . . .The conditions required for the better development of mankind. 
Morality not a sentiment. . . .The reason why near relatives in the human 
race should not reproduce, and why near relatives in the animal king- 
dom may.... How George III. inherited insanity. .. .Talents and vices 

transmitted for generations — physical defects, also Physiognomy a 

great guide to the elevation of the race by scientific methods .... The 
most important influences in heredity . . . Conclusion. 



MARY O. STANTON 

AUTHOR OF 

"• s How to Mead Faces," "A. Physiognomical Chart," and "Six Lectures 
on Scientific Physiognomy ," 

IS PREPARED TO TREAT WITH 

LYCEUMS, ASSOCIATIONS, AND LECTURE BUREAUS, 

FOR THE DELIVERY OF A COURSE OF 

PHYSIOGNOMICAL LECTURES. 

For terms, apply at her office, 322 Mason Street, San Francisco, Cal. 



DELINEATIONS OF CHARACTER. 

M. 0. STANTON has opened an office for the purpose of giving "Written De- 
lineations of Character. Mental and Physiological Characteristics described and 
Hygienic Advice given. Also, a Hygienic Method for reducing Obesity without 
impairing the strength. Charts, with written description of character, from $2.50 
to $25.00. 



"HOW TO READ FACES." 

Copies of the most practical and scientific work on Physiognomy ever presented 
to the public, entitled "HOW TO READ FACES,"' may be procured at the above 
address. Price, $3.00 per copy. Liberal discount to the trade. 



Normal Classes for Ladies and Gentlemen for the study of Physiognomy will 
commence October 1st, 1881. For terms, etc., apply to MARY O. STANTON, No. 
322 Mason Street, San Francisco, Cal. 



MAL CLASSES. 

,nd Gentlemen for the study oi 
'or terms, etc., apply to MARY _ 

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